Vol 102, No 9 (2023)
- Year: 2023
- Published: 28.10.2023
- Articles: 19
- URL: https://rjpbr.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9579
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Hygienic justification for the classification of the danger of sources of emissions of substances having an olfactorial action
Abstract
The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis and ranking of industries related to sources of olfactory exposure, depending on the odour’s “offensiveness” of their emissions.
Material and methods. Experimental olfacto-odourimetric studies were carried out using a dynamic olfactometer ECOMA TO-8 on the example of fifteen mixtures of substances (over 4200 measurements) representing or simulating emissions from the industries including particle boards, vegetable oil from soybean and rapeseed seeds, coffee, perfumery and cosmetic products, food flavourings, tobacco products, as well as livestock operations, gas odourizing, and fuel oil steam treatment. Statistical data processing was performed using the computer software Probit Analysis (v.4.0). Analytical study of mixtures of substances contained in emissions was carried out using a FOCUS GC-DSQ-II chromato-mass spectrometer.
Results. Based on the conducted olfacto-odourimetric studies of samples and models of emissions from the productions and technological processes related to sources of odour with the establishment of odour’s detection thresholds and the “offensiveness” thresholds of substances, a facilities’ hazard classification is proposed taking into account the odour’s “offensiveness” (“annoyance potential”) of emissions (extremely offensive, offensive, moderately offensive and slightly offensive), which makes it possible to update the current classification according to SanPiN 2.2.1./2.1.1.1200–03 (new edition) and the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2022 N 7.
Limitations. The study’s limitations associated with the use of a relatively new experimental method for the presentation of odour stimuli and their registration, which requires additional testing, as well as with the possible transformation of substances during the delivery of emission samples to the laboratory.
Conclusion. The methodology of the experimental odourimetric evaluation of multicomponent mixtures of odorous substances that are part of the emissions of various enterprises and municipal facilities makes it possible to quickly and rationally optimize the existing classification of industries according to the “offensiveness” criterion (or “annoyance potential”) of the odorous emissions.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Committee on Biomedical
Contribution:
Budarina O.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing the article;
Sabirova Z.F. — writing the text, editing the article;
Andryushin I.B. — collection and processing of material, statistical analysis;
Shipulina Z.V. — editing the article.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of the state research program No. 388-00102-20-02.
Received: March 9,2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
888-895
The state of lipid exchange in persons living in the territory of environmental illusion
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, it is important to consider the issues of diagnosing nonspecific disorders occurred due to exposure of residents to chemicals in cities with chemical industry enterprises on the territory.
Materials and methods. Working 30–60 year men, permanently residing downwind from the industrial site of LLC “Usolekhimprom” in the territory exposed to mercury in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, were examined.
Results. The maximum concentration of total cholesterol (TCH) was 8.7 mmol/L, cholesterol (CH) of low density lipoproteins (LDL) — 6.0 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) — 2.3 mmol/L, phospholipids — 5.5 mmol/L. The minimum content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) was 0.5 mmol/L. In terms of the prevalence of disorders, hypercholesterolemia held the first place — 63% of cases, the second — a high level of LDL cholesterol — 59%, the third — an increase in ApoB — 45%. Hyperphospholipidemia occurred in 35%, hypertriglyceridemia — in 23%. Reduced HDL cholesterol was recorded in 5.3%. Low concentration of Apo A1 was registered in 20% of cases. A high level of atherogenic index was common among 16%. The prevalence of high LDL-CH was consistent with that of hypercholesterolemia, as evidenced by the correlation coefficient between the indices (R=0.77) and between the level of TCH and Apo B (R=0.80). A HDL cholesterol high level does not always indicate the antiatherogenic ability of lipoproteins, and therefore the revealed low prevalence of hypoalphacholesterolemia in the examined individuals (lower than in Russia — 16%) does not indicate antiatherogenic changes. The triglyceridemia level was associated with the ApoB concentration, which indicates its contribution to the development of proatherogenic disorders. A possible mechanism of hyperphospholipidemia is the formation of a compensatory-adaptive stimulus to the phospholipids synthesis in response to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
Limitations. Male persons. Age 30–60 years.
Conclusion. In persons living in the ecological trouble zone, a high frequency of lipid metabolism disorders was revealed. This fact can be considered as one of the main predisposing factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in this cohort.
Compliance with ethical standards. The studies were carried out with the informed consent of the patients, the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (2000) and Order No. 200n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2016 were observed. Conclusion of the LEC of FSBSI ESIMER No. 1 dated 21.02.2023.
Contribution:
Kudaeva I.V. — design and concept of the study, statistical processing of the material, writing the text;
Lysenko A.A. — collection of materials.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The work was performed within the framework of the funds allocated for exploratory scientific research of East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: July 22, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
896-901
The role of sociological methods in implementation of environmental hygienic health monitoring for territories
Abstract
Introduction. The presence of an unwanted annoyance odour is the one of the important criteria for atmospheric air quality, affecting its assessment.
This study is aimed at using of sociological methods for identifying the sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances and for assessing possible impact of their pollution on human health and life quality in a city with various industrial enterprises.
Materials and methods. The study of the perception of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances by residents of Glazov (Udmurt Rebublic) was carried out based on the analysis of messages on social networks, a survey of inhabitants, as well as with the help of qualitative sociological research, including interviews and focus groups.
Results. The survey of residents have shown there to be a problem of annoying, intrusive odours in the city, the frequency of perception and intensity of which, as well as the degree of corresponding annoyance, are associated with the presence of various health complaints. As a result of the analysis of residents’ messages on social networks, conducted interviews and focus groups, the suspected sources of annoyance odours were identified. Among the city residents a tendency is shown to associate changes in habitual behaviour with the presence of annoyance odours in the atmospheric air.
Limitations. The limitations of this study are related to the sample size. Increasing the sample size will allow gettin a more accurate picture in the future.
Conclusion. The results of the analysis of statements made by city residents about the presence of annoyance odours can serve as a starting point for identifying potential sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances, as well as an important and useful additional fragment to the data of the questionnaire survey of inhabitants for more complete assessment of the environmental situation in the studied locality and the development of management decisions to reduce atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances.
Compliance with ethical standards. Conducted depersonalized survey of the city’s population was approved by local ethics committee of the Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia (Protocol No. 01/10/21 of 10/25/2021).
Contribution:
Makovetskaya A.K. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Khripach L.V. — collection and processing of material, editing the article;
Goshin M.E. — collection and processing of material, editing the article;
Budarina O.V. — concept and design of research, editing the article;
Karmanov A.V. — organization of research, collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of the state task No. 123040500002-3.
Received: May 30, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
902-908
Susceptibility to antimicrobial preparations of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from patients in a multidisciplinary hospital
Abstract
Introduction. The extraordinary genetic potential of microorganisms has benefited from human overuse antibiotics to develop multiple resistance mechanisms. The large size and heterogeneity of the Russian population, the presence of territories with significant differences in demographic, cultural, and socio-economic indicators, the features of the management and availability of medical care are significant factors influencing the spread of resistance genes to antibacterial therapy of some strains of microorganisms.
Materials and methods. Susceptibility to twenty one antimicrobial agents of one hundred twenty eight Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, isolated from various loci of patients in a multidisciplinary hospital, including 16% of strains from the lower respiratory tract, 44% from wounds and wound discharge, and 40% from urine, was assessed.
Results. Among isolates from urine, 20% of isolates were found to have the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, 42% had the extreme resistance phenotype (XDR). Among the isolates of Kl. pneumoniae from purulent wounds, 18% had the MDR phenotype, and 43% had the XDR phenotype. Among the isolates of Kl. Рneumoniae from the lower respiratory tract, 37% had the MDR phenotype, 40% had the XDR phenotype. There are no pan-resistant strains in all groups.
The presence of genes for metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM, IMP, NDM groups) and serine carbapenemase (bovine and OXA-48) in molecular genetic study by real-time PCR of isolated Kl. pneumoniae was found in 73.4% of cases.
The results of determining the sensitivity of the isolates revealed a low activity of amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, III and IV generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime). 86.7% of isolates are resistant to drugs of the aminoglycoside group (amikacin), and 100% to gentamicin. Of the group of carbapenems, meropenem showed the highest activity — 26.6%, about 7% were sensitive to ertapenem. From the group of fluoroquinolones, sensitivity ranged from 20 to 30%. The highest activity of all drugs was shown by ticarcillin/clavulanate — 33.3%.
Limitations. The criteria for inclusion in the group of examination and selection of biomaterial were the presence of previous massive antibacterial therapy in the anamnesis, the presence of catheters, drains, etc.
Conclusions. There was established a high proportion of strains Kl. pneumoniae with the phenotype of multiple antibiotic resistance.
Compliance with ethical standards. The examination of patients corresponded to the ethical standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Association “Ethical Principles of Practice in the Russian Federation”, approved by Order No. 266 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 06/19/2003. All the examined persons signed an informed consent to participate in the survey. Conclusion of the Bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (BEC protocol from 03.04.2023 No. 01-04).
Contribution:
Gizatullina L.G. — research concept and design, research execution, text writing;
Bakirov A.B. — concept and design of the study;
Masyagutova L.M. — writing the text;
Kudakaeva R.H. — writing the text;
Muzafarova A.R. — selection of literature, writing of the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 19, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
909-913
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Daily trend of blood pressure in staff under conditions of shift work of railway transport
Abstract
Introduction. The results of the study of features of the daily rhythm of blood pressure in people who constantly work in a rotational shift schedule, arising under the influence of night shift work, are discussed.
The purpose of the study was to determine the modifying effect of working night wakefulness on the parameters of the daily rhythm of blood pressure in persons employed in work with a night shift schedule.
Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out, in two cohorts of 19 years — 62 years employees of locomotive crews of Russian Railways. The study included drivers, assistant locomotive drivers, for at least 1 year, with night shifts n = 30,566, the number of measurements = 4,497,122, but borderline (high normal) blood pressure.
Results. The lowest levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP) were found to be recorded in a cohort of subjects per day with a night shift, the highest — in the general group of workers and in a cohort of subjects per day with a day shift.
The daily trend of SBP was characterized by a regular change of phases in all observation groups. In the general group, a subgroup of persons with normotonia, in a cohort of subjects, when working on a day shift, a DECLINE curve of the same type in configuration was formed.
Limitations. The representativeness of the sample size was ensured by the participation in the study of employees of locomotive crews with a range of ages of 19-62 years. The limitations of the study are related to the distribution of respondents by gender: there are no female respondents in the sample.
Conclusions. Parameters of the daily rhythm of blood pressure sensitively react to changes in working hours. To the greatest extent, changes in the daily rhythm during the hours of night working wakefulness are typical for the indicators of the daily rhythm of diastolic blood pressure.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require the opinion of an ethics committee in connection with the analysis of data from retrospective pre-trip medical examination records.
Contribution:
Alpaev D.V. — study concept and design, editing;
Serikov V.V. — research concept and design, editing;
Dmitrieva E.V. — research concept and design, editing;
Kostenko N.A. — writing text, editing;
Zhovnerchuk E.V. — writing text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 30, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
914-920
Physiological deviations in the body when working in a heating environment in shunt shielding personal protective equipment
Abstract
Introduction. The article presents results of the study of the human body functional state when using a set of shielding personal protective equipment during modelling of electrical staff occupational activity in a hot environment.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in the climatic chamber with an air temperature 35.5 ± 0.5 °C and a WGBT index of 30.0 ± 0.8 °C. Studies of the human body functional state were conducted with the participation of twelve volunteers who used a set of shunting shielding personal protective equipment and a control clothing set. The values of body temperature, skin both temperature and humidity, clothing temperature and humidity under dressing were recorded. General heat and local moisture perceptions were evaluated. During the research, the heart rate and metabolic rate were recorded by indirect calorimetry. The values of the average skin & body temperature, heart rate increase, changes in heat storage rate, as well as moisture exchange indicators were calculated.
Results. The results of the physiological cost assessment indicate that the use of a shielding personal protective equipment set compared to the control set led to a greater increase in core temperature (by 47.7%), higher values of average body temperature (by 1.3%), heat storage rate (by 24.2%), heart rate (by 24.7%), the metabolic rate (by 20.7%), moisture loss (by 55.6%).
Limitations. The study had limitations due to sample size of the included volunteers.
Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a significant change in the human body functional state and a critical risk of overheating when using shielding personal protective equipment. The use of a shielding clothing increases the physiological and energy cost of work, which is expressed in a gain in the metabolic rate level, oxygen consumption, and a work category elevation from IIa to IIb.
Compliance with ethical standards. The Local ethics committee of the FSBSI «Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health» approved this study carried out under the WMA Declaration of Helsinki (record No. 2 from 22.03.2022). All 12 volunteers signed an informed consent form to participate in the study.
Contribution:
Burmistrova O.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Perov S.Yu. — the concept, organization and design of the study;
Sazhina M.V. — collection and processing of material, writing a text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 30, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 15, 2023
921-927
Levels of fatty acids in blood plasma in workers with vibration disease
Abstract
Introduction. Changes in the levels of fatty acids (FA), reflecting the specifics of metabolic disorders in workers with vibration disease (VD), and persons with VD aggravated by metabolic syndrome (MS) have not been studied enough. Mass spectrometric study of the composition of FA in VD patients and cases suffered from VD in combination with MS seems justified, since these compounds can be included in the formation of disorders at the early stages of changes in health status under the influence of adverse factors, which will later establish significant prognostic indicators.
Materials and methods. The levels of esterified and free forms of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in blood plasma, were determined on an Agilent 7890A/5975C gas chromatograph.
Results. The FA composition was studied in the surveyed cohort of people in vibration-hazardous occupations with a diagnosis of VD and VD+MS established in the clinic. Significant shifts in the FA levels were established, in VD + MS patients there was an increase in the concentrations of myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, margaric, stearic acids and ΣSFA when compared with VD patients. For all MUFAs and for ΣMUFA, large values were observed for the VD + MS group (p<0.001 to 0.027). For PUFAs, significant differences were noted in relation to the level of: α-linolenic, eicosatrienoic and eicosapentaenoic acids ω-3, total ω-3 PUFAs, linoleic, γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids ω-6, total ω-6 PUFAs and total all PUFAs.
Limitations. The results apply to sixty six vibration-hazardous occupations surveyed. The influence of experience and dietary preferences on the FA composition in blood plasma has not been studied.
Conclusion. A study of the quantitative FA indicators in the blood plasma showed the total indicators of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in persons with VD+MS to be higher than in VD patients by 1.36, 1.33 and 1.12 times, respectively.
Compliance with ethical standards. In the course of the study, the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (2000) and Order No. 200n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2016 were observed. Conclusion of the LEC of FSBSI ESIMER No. 32 dated 10.09.2019. All study participants signed a voluntary informed consent.
Contribution:
Merinov A.V. — collection of literature da.ta, statistical processing of results, text writing;
Zhurba O.M. — the concept and design of the study, collection of literature data, writing a text, editing;
Alekseenko A.N. — collection of materials, research, material processing;
Kudaeva I.V. — organization of research, justification of the research program, editing;
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was performed within the framework of the funds allocated for exploratory scientific research of East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: July 27, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
928-933
Alterations of the nervous system in patients with vibration disease
Abstract
Introduction. An important aspect of prevention is the dynamic monitoring of workers exposed to the vibration in the workplace, which not only forms the basis for the diagnosis of occupational intoxication, but also ensures timely resolution of issues of examination of working capacity.
Materials and methods. Twenty one male patient with an established diagnosis of vibration disease (VD) associated with exposure to local vibration. A dynamic survey was conducted, 3 observation periods were studied.
Results. Over the 3rd period of the examination, the latency of N10 and N30 increased when compared with the 1st period. In periods 2 and 3, the duration of N13–N18 increased compared to period 1. The rate of pulse conduction (RPC) along the ulnar nerve decreased during period 2 when compared with period 1. Over the period 3, a decrease in RPC along the tibial nerve was revealed when compared with periods 1 and 2. During periods 2 and 3, the amplitude of the ulnar nerve action potential decreased when compared with period 1, along the afferent axons of the ulnar nerve the RPC decreased during period 2 when compared with 1. In period 3, the RPC along the median nerve decreased when compared with period 1.
Limitations. The limitation of this study is that the dynamics of changes depending on the degree of vibration disease has not been analyzed. This task was not implemented due to the small number of observations in the sample.
Conclusion. The progression of vibration disease syndromes and the degree of severity of vibration disease in dynamics were noted. The time of activation of neurons of the somatosensory zone of the cerebral cortex and the time of passage of the pulse from neurons of the cervical thickening to the thalamic structures in dynamics was found to slow down. There were increased disturbances in the conduction of the pulse along the axons at the level of the brachial plexus and from the brachial plexus to the lower parts of the brain stem. Demyelinating changes in the motor component of the peripheral nerves of the upper and lower extremities were aggravated in patients.
Compliance with ethical standards. Conclusion of the LEK of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research” No. 32 dated 09/10/2019. All studies were conducted only after the patients signed an informed consent developed by the Biomedical Ethics Committee in accordance with the established procedure.
Contribution:
Rusаnova D.V. — the concept and design of the research, collection and processing of the material, writing and editing of the article, editing;
Slivnitsyna N.V. — the concept and design of the research, collection and processing of the material, writing and editing of the article;
Lakhman О.L. — research concept and design, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. This work was carried out within the framework of state assignment.
Received: June 2, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
934-940
Features of the course of occupational upper limb myofibrosis in patients with generalized polyosteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction. Occupational diseases of the upper extremities from physical (functional) overstrain occupy a leading place in the structure of occupational morbidity, with myofibrosis being the most common disease.
The aim of the study was to assess the course of myofibrosis against the background of generalized polyosteoarthritis using the ultrasound method.
Materials and methods. One hundred seventeen mining industry workers were examined. The main group consisted of 20 patients with an established diagnosis of 1st stage of myofibrosis and generalized osteoarthritis, the control group consisted of 97 patients with an established diagnosis of 1st stage of myofibrosis. Standard clinical and laboratory methods of examination, ultrasound examination of the muscles of the forearms and shoulders were performed.
Results. The median values of epimysium and muscle bundles thickness in both the main and control groups correspond to stage 1 of myofibrosis, while the median thickness of perimysium in the reference group corresponds to stage 1, and in main group it corresponds to stage 2. In addition, the 75th percentile of epimysium thickness, as well as the 25th percentile of muscle bundle thickness in the main group, also meet the criteria for stage 2 of myofibrosis.
Limitations. The study has gender restrictions (men were investigated), as well as restrictions on professions (mining workers).
Conclusions. According to the results of ultrasound examination, in the main group patients there are signs corresponding to the transition of myofibrosis to the second stage, which is characterized by a statistically significant increase in perimysium thickness, as well as a pronounced tendency of epimysium thickness increase and reduce of muscle bundle thickness. This is important when the disease is associated with occupation, allowing patients with a combination of myofibrosis and generalized osteoarthritis to establish a more severe stage of myofibrosis course, indicating a more pronounced degree of occupational work ability loss.
Compliance with ethical standards. The Local ethics committee of North-West Public Health Research Center approved this study (minutes of the meeting No. 2022/50.2 from 28.12.2022). All research participants gave voluntary informed consent to participate in this study.
Contribution:
Ulanovskaya E.V. — concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, text writing;
Shilov V.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Kovshov A.A. — data statistical processing, editing;
Nikаnov A.N. — editing;
Kuprina N.I. — data collection.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 24, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
941-946
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Effects of cadmium on children and adolescents development (systematic review)
Abstract
Introduction. Cadmium is widespread in the environment as a result of industrial activity, the use of agrochemicals, smoking. Children and adolescents are an eco-sensitive group of the population, and indicators of their physical and mental development are highly informative indicators of environmental impact.
The purpose of the review was to study the effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development in children and adolescents.
Search and selection of sources. A search was conducted for literature that is freely available using the search engines PubMed, Science Direct and elibrary. The search was carried out by the keywords: “effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development of children”, as well as on their individual indicators. The initial search allowed identifying seven thousand eight hundred sixty one reports, after an independent evaluation by two experts, 24 full-text publications remained. The inclusion criteria were: original data on the effect of cadmium on the development indicators in children and adolescents at any route of its entry into the body, a mathematically proven link between the level of cadmium with development indicators, taking into account the possibility of data bias.
Results. The analysis of the subject matter and design of publications allowed establishing a limited set of criteria for assessing the physical and mental development (there are no indicators of dental maturity, puberty of boys, speech development, playing activity). Most studies indicate the effect of intrauterine exposure to cadmium on the body weight in newborns. The negative effect of cadmium on intellectual development begins to be determined in the senior preschool and school age and is also found in most studies. Contradictory data were obtained for the remaining indicators. Most researchers have not received data on sex differences when exposed to cadmium.
Conclusion. Additional comprehensive randomized multicentric studies of the physical and mental development of children under the influence of cadmium, conducted according to a single protocol, are needed.
Contribution:
Bobrisheva-Pushkina N.D. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing;
Kuznetsova L.Yu. — collection of material, writing a text;
Mozganov M.Yu. — collection of material;
Araslanova A.N. — collection and processing of material;
Kordina A.A. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Onishchenko G.G. — the concept of the study, editing the final text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 26, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 15, 2023
947-953
Socio-psychological features of the formation of alcohol consumption motivations among youth students
Abstract
Introduction. Alcohol use by young people remains a serious medical, social and economic problem that contributes significantly to disease worldwide.
The purpose of the study is to determine the socio-psychological features of the formation of alcohol consumption motives among students.
Materials and methods. Undergraduate and senior students of the Medical University were assessed the level of alcohol consumption using the screening test AUDIT (The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), developed by WHO (1989); motives for alcohol consumption using the questionnaire “Motivation of alcohol consumption” according to V.Yu. Zavyalova (1989); the level of social health according to the questionnaire of E.V. Tsikalyuk (2013), anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire developed by A.S. Zigmond, R.P. Snaith (1983), adapted by A.W. Andryushchenko et al. (2003).
Results. At an acceptable level of alcohol consumption, with a relatively low risk of alcohol-associated problems (92.2%), the leading motives for alcohol consumption in 79.7% of students were established to be socio-psychological motives, the formation of which was due to the average level of social health, conformal social functioning characteristic of 85.9% of students, while the development of personal motives for alcohol consumption, which prevailed in only a fifth of students (19.4%), was characterized by an increase in the level of anxiety by 1.4 times, a decrease in the level of social health by 1.2 times, relative to these students with the dominance of socio-psychological motives.
Limitations. The lack of anonymity in conducting surveys, which affects the accuracy of the results obtained with the possibility of their underestimation, may be a limitation of the study.
Conclusion. The formation of a relatively low risk of alcohol-associated problems among the vast majority of students, the gain in the motivation for alcohol consumption and an increase in the proportion of students who abuse alcohol from junior to senior courses, dictates the need for preventive measures aimed at creating a healthy lifestyle that excludes alcohol consumption among students. Young people, which can be achieved by strengthening the educational component, developing a system for monitoring and controlling alcohol consumption, identifying students of the “risk group” with symptoms of anxiety and depression, a reduced level of social health and their correction.
Compliance with ethical standards. Informed voluntary written consent for inclusion in the survey was obtained from each study participant. The study did not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.
Contribution:
Setko N.P. — research concept and design, editing;
Setko A.G. — concept and design of the study, writing text;
Zhdanova O.M. — writing text, collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 15, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
954-961
Assessment of the aerogenic risk in adolescent boys at various levels of physical activity
Abstract
Introduction. Aerogenic exposure to chemicals can contribute to the formation of violations of the main regulatory systems of the body.
The aim is to assess the aerogenic risk to the health in adolescent boys at various levels of physical activity.
Materials and methods. The content of chemicals in the air of sports halls of general education and sports schools was assessed by single samples, the risk was calculated from the average values of samples taken over 1 hour. The risk is calculated for young 13–17 years boys, taking into account somatometric indicators, the intensity of physical activity.
Results. Somatometric indicators of adolescents with moderate and intense levels of activity corresponded to the age norm. The concentrations of suspended solids, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen, formaldehyde in the air of sports halls met the hygienic standards. An aerogenic risk at a moderate level of activity corresponded to hazard index (HI) = 1.5–1.9 at rest, HI = 1.9–2.3 after exercise; intensive level – HI=2.1–4 and HI=3.9–7, respectively. The value of HI at rest and after exercise by 57–58.9% is determined by the content of suspended solids, including PM2.5 = 30–32%, PM10 = 25–26.9%.
Limitations of the study are due to the fact that when assessing the hazard index, not all chemicals that may be present in the air of sports facilities are taken into account.
Conclusion. The study points to the need to control chemicals in the air of sports facilities and study the effect of chemicals on the state of the leading systems of adolescents, taking into account the level of physical activity.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VSIMEI (conclusion of the LEC No. 1 of January 27, 2022).
Contribution:
Efimova N.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Mylnikova I.V. — statistical data processing, text writing;
Kudaev A.N. — organization of research, collection of material, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 1, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
962-967
Characteristics of digital devices and their use by school children in modern conditions
Abstract
Introduction. The widespread and uncontrolled use of information and communication technologies by children has determined the purpose of the present research as to identify the varieties, purpose, frequency, intensity, screen timing, and usage duration of modern digital devices and the Internet by schoolchildren and their impact on the psycho-emotional state.
Materials and methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted on nine hundred schoolchildren between 11 and 17 years of age from general education schools.
Results. Irrespective of age and gender, each of the surveyed schoolchildren had several types of digital devices. All schoolchildren had regular Internet access and, in almost 87% of cases, were connected via smartphone or cell phone. In addition, 75% of schoolchildren use modern digital devices to prepare for classwork/homework, and 84% use them for various games and entertainment. Almost 10% of schoolchildren use digital devices and spend four or more hours a day on social media. More than half of children use electronic devices and the Internet during the day, evening, and night. In 17% of cases, children experienced negative feelings when using digital devices and social networks.
Limitations. One standard method of assessing children’s education and recreation mode is to conduct a survey questionnaire. Still, in our opinion, a comprehensive assessment of digital devices and Internet usage mode would be more evident with timed observations over a 7–10-day period. Moreover, in our work, we encountered the problem of limited access to schools (due to the choice of schools for study by the Ministry of Public Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan) and schoolchildren (due to classes chosen for investigation by the school administration).
Conclusion. The results obtained were the basis for the development of methodological recommendations on the regime and regulatory standards for the use of digital devices and the Internet, as well as for the revised Sanitary norms, rules, and hygienic normative “Hygienic requirements for the use of information and communication technologies in general education school of the Republic of Uzbekistan” compliance with which will level the deficiencies in the daily routine of schoolchildren.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethical Council of the Research Institute of sanitation, hygiene, and occupational diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Protocol of Ethical Review No.5 from 14.03.2022). Before the start of the research, explanatory work about the purpose and methods of research was carried out, and then voluntary written consent was obtained from each schoolchild and/or their parents.
Contribution:
Kamilova R.T. — study concept and design, edits;
Kurbanbayeva A.Zh. — data collection, statistical data processing, writing the text;
Kamilov Zh.A. — statistical data processing, selection of literary sources;
Isakova L.I. — comparative analysis of the obtained results with literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: March 2, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
968-974
PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
Features of metabolic changes in the liver in experimental animals under chronic exposure to acrylamide and against the background of its preventive correction
Abstract
Introduction. Acrylamide used industrially is also widely known to be a toxic compound produced during high temperature cooking. Given the danger of its entry into the body, it is important to continue fundamental research to study the mechanism of its toxicity and search for effective ways to correct the disorders caused by it.
The purpose of the research is to study the features of metabolic changes in the liver of rats under conditions of chronic exposure to acrylamide and evaluate the effectiveness of their preventive correction with oxymethyluracil complex compounds.
Materials and methods. Studies were performed on sixty white outbred male rats weighing 180–200 g. Acrylamide was administered intragastrically at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight for 90 days. Correction of possible disorders was carried out 1 hour before the administration of the toxicant with complex compounds of oxymethyluracil with ascorbic acid (MG-1), with sodium succinate (MG-2) and acetylcysteine (MG-10). Biochemical parameters were studied after 45 and 90 days of the experiment.
Results. Studies have shown long-term intake of acrylamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight to lead to metabolic disorders. A statistically significant increase in the activity of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found. Statistically significant differences in the level of activity of ALT, alkaline phosphatase and SOD for the period of the experiment of 45 days compared with the positive control group were established in the group receiving the MG-10 preparation. After 90 days, in the group of animals treated with the MG-2 preparation, the activity of ALT and alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly. The introduction of the drug MG-10 had a statistically significant effect on ALT activity, reducing it to the level in the negative control group of animals treated with distilled water.
Limitations of the study are related to the correction with complex compounds of oxymethyluracil carried out only in a prophylactic regimen. For the final judgment on their protective effectiveness, it is necessary to introduce them in the accompanying and restorative regimes, as well as to study other biochemical parameters when exposed to acrylamide.
Conclusion. The best protective effect at a period of 45 days was shown by a complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine, at a period of 90 days — a complex compound of oxymethyluracil with sodium succinate.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the bioethical commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (Protocol dated of 04. 03.2023 No. 01-04), conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63 /EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Repina E.F. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Yakupova T.G. — data collection and processing, statistical analysis, text writing;
Karimov D.O., Bakirov A.B. — study concept and design, editing;
Timasheva G.V. — data collection and processing, statistical analysis;
Shaikhlislamova E.R. — editing;
Gimadieva A.R. — synthesis of complex compounds of oxymethyluracil;
Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Baigildin S.S., Akhmadeev A.R. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The work was carried out as part of the implementation of the state task for the industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor “Scientific justification of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia” for 2021-2025. clause 6.1.8, state no. registration 121062100058-8. The synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil composition was carried out in accordance with the research plan of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State Registration No. AAAA-A19-119011790021-4).
Received: June 1, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
975-980
Safety issues in the use of disinfectants based on polyhexamethyleneguanidine (literature review)
Abstract
The article presents data of the analysis of scientific literature on the toxicity and danger of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and based on it disinfectants, which have been widely used for several decades. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a sharp increase in the use of disinfectants, making it important to study the safety of these substances. The presented materials confirm the effectiveness of PHMG and its compounds against a wide range of bacteria, viruses and fungi. The article discusses the mechanism of the bactericidal action of guanidine polymers, based on the destruction of the bacterial cell wall due to the electrostatic effect of positively charged substance molecules on anionic groups on the cellular wall. Methods for using disinfectants based on PHMG for sanitizing various surfaces and media are shown.
The results of toxicological studies show that polyhexamethyleneguanidine compounds have low toxicity when taken orally, but pose a great danger to the respiratory system. With chronic exposure, they cause pulmonary fibrosis, a serious lung disease, associated with irreversible destruction of the lung architectonics, pulmonary insufficiency and impaired gas exchange due to excessive accumulation of proteins in the extracellular matrix. The use of disinfectants based on polyhexamethylene guanidine is not recommended for aerosol disinfection of indoor air in the presence of people. The presented data also indicate the need for additional toxicological studies to establish threshold doses of PHMG under inhalation exposure.
Contribution:
Lebed-Sharlevich Ya.I. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Mamonov R.A. — editing. All authors are responsible for the concept and design of the study, integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 19, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
981-986
METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
A method for determining the environmentally safe residual content of oil and petroleum products in soils
Abstract
Introduction. The Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus is one of the most important recreational and tourist regions for Russia. In recent years, it has been subjected to a sharply increased anthropogenic load, due to an increase in the number of tourists, accompanied by an increase in traffic flows and, as a result, an increase in environmental pollution, including oil hydrocarbons. The risks of leakage of oil products during transportation and pumping are increasing. To predict and prevent dangerous consequences of pollution, it is necessary to determine the environmentally safe residual content of oil and oil products in the soil, based on the regional ecological and geochemical characteristics of soils.
Materials and methods. Laboratory modelling of contamination with oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel) of sod-carbonate typical soil was carried out. To simulate pollution, oil and petroleum products were added to soil samples including fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel in a weight concentration of 1% (low pollution), 5% (medium pollution) and 10% (high pollution) of the soil mass. The exposure period lasted 30 days. After the specified period, changes in biological parameters (enzyme activity, radish root length, number of soil bacteria) were determined. Based on the listed parameters, the integral indicator of the biological state IIBS of the soil was calculated .
Results. Oil and oil products pollution negatively affected the biological properties of the studied soil. A significant decrease in enzymatic activity, the number of bacteria, and the length of plant roots was recorded. The range of toxicity of the studied substances on biological indicators of soils is as follows: oil > fuel oil > gasoline > diesel fuel. The study made it possible to determine the maximum level of residual content of oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel) in the refinery. For oil, it is 0.27%, for gasoline — 0.40%, for fuel oil — 0.30%, for diesel fuel — 0.45%.
Limitations. The proposed limit levels of residual oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel) in soils are applicable primarily on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Conclusion. The proposed limit levels of the residual content of oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel) in the soils of the refinery area can be used by environmental, agricultural and scientific organizations.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require an opinion from a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Gaivoronskiy V.G. — literature data collection, text writing;
Kuzina A.А. — text writing, editing;
Kolesnikov S.I. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Minnikova T.V. — collection of material and data processing, editing;
Nevedomaya E.N. — collection of material and data processing, statistical data processing;
Kazeev K.Sh. — collection of material and data processing, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interests. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation no. FENW-2023-0008, the President of the Russian Federation (MK-2688.2022.1.5 and МК-175.2022.5).
Received: May 18, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
987-992
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Influence of exogenous risk-inducing factors on the incidence of intestinal infections in the population of the territory of intensive tourism
Abstract
Introduction. The development of tourism in regions with an insufficient level of social infrastructure and a low self-cleaning capacity of the environment poses a danger due to the gain in infectious diseases. The level of water in Lake Baikal may determine the potential for dilution of chemical and microbiological contaminants in the coastal zone.
Materials and methods. The incidence of acute intestinal infections (AII) was studied in the area located on the south-eastern shore of the lake. Baikal (2016–2022). There were assessed risk-inducing factors including climate, water level of the lake, number of tourists, water quality. The values of relative risk, etiological share, economic damage were calculated.
Results. The incidence was 630.8 (455.9–781.9) in 0–14 years children, 16.0 (4.8–48.5) cases per 100 thousand population in people over 15 years old. The relative risk in children in the year of low water content of the lake. Baikal RR=1.498 (CI 1.067–2.102). The total level of economic damage caused by additional cases of rotavirus infection in children amounted to 4,528.960 of rubles with high water content, and 5,625.740 of rubles with low water content.
Limitations of the study relate to the inability to accurately estimate the number of tourists visiting the region; the inflation rate is not taken into account when calculating the economic damage.
Conclusion. The AII incidence in the children’s population of the coastal region is characterized by an increase in the years of water content in Lake Baikal, which differs from the optimal level, with changes in risk-inducing factors.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Rukavishnikov V.S. — study concept and design, editing;
Efimova N.V. — the concept and design of the study, the collection of material and data processing, statistical processing, writing the text;
Savchenkov M.F. — study concept and design, editing;
Bogdanova O.G., Mylnikova I.V. — collection of material and data processing, editing;
Lisovtsov A.A. — collection of material and data processing,statistical analysis, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out as part of the research work “The impact of water level changes in Lake Baikal on the state of lake ecosystems, determining the damage to economic facilities and infrastructure of the coastal territory of the Republic of Buryatia, the Irkutsk Region, depending on the levels of the lake and discharges from the Irkutsk HPP.”
Received: June 29, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
993-1000
FROM THE HISTORY OF SANITARY AFFAIRS
Sanitary and hygienic control both of goods and foreign trade operations at fairs of the Volga region over the XIX century
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation and development of sanitary and hygienic control at the largest and local fairs of such vast region of the Russian Empire as the Volga region during the XIX century. Particular attention is paid to legislative acts in the field of fair trade and compliance with sanitary measures in the implementation of both retail and wholesale (including foreign) trade. The author analyzes normative legal acts, decisions of regional (provincial and city) authorities on the definition of sanitary rules of trade, as well as control over trade operations during fairs. A significant layer of pre-revolutionary research has been studied, including monographs, narrative sources, statistical collections, journalistic materials, etc. The paper notes the basic principles of the management of fair trade in the Volga region, the preventive and prohibitive measures of the fair guidelines for the prevention and spread of infectious and other diseases, epizootics and epiphytotics. The analysis of preventive measures in crowded places, providing visitors with drinking water, food, etc. is presented. Sanitary and hygienic rules are noted in the implementation of foreign trade operations at the Volga Region fairs, taking into account the specifics of goods, their origin, etc.
Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 11, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 30, 2023
1001-1004
OBITUARY
1005-1006
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.