卷 144, 编号 1 (2024)

封面

完整期次

Articles

The Potential of Lectins and their Recognized Glycoconjugates in the Human Body

Lakhtin M., Lakhtin V., Mironov A., Aleshkin V., Afanasyev S., Kombarova S.

摘要

The modern concepts of lectins and glycoconjugates binding to them, the features and patterns of their interaction, the protective role and potential in the human body are summarized. The analysis of terms, approaches to classifications of lectins is carried out. The features of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, recognized and bound by lectins, in symbiotic relationships, in innate immunity at the reception level are emphasized. The levels of specificity of lectins are considered. There is a need to expand research on the glycoconjugate specificity of lectins and their systems, to assess the communication potential of glycoconjugates in relation to any protein combinations and systems as lectins. The participation of lectin and glycoconjugate systems in signal transmission and communication is noted. Lectins manifest themselves as basic for superstructure glycoconjugate effectors in soluble and solid cell phases in cascade directed assemblies forming the interactome network. Lectins and glycoconjugates, as inextricably co-functioning, are promising in biology, medicine and biotechnologies.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):3-25
pages 3-25 views

Prospects of Using the Genetic Potential of Ungulates Living in Arctic Zone

Laishev K., Stolpovsky Y., Yuzhakov A., Semina M.

摘要

The genetic potential of ungulates of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is rich and diverse, but requires modern research. The use of genetic systems makes it possible to study the genome of animals, determine the state of the genetic diversity of the species, suggest reasonable ways to maintain the level of heterozygosity in domesticated animals, purposefully obtain individuals that are necessary for humans. The analysis of the above-described gene pools of their structure is interesting both for modern breeding and environmental genetics, and may be in demand in the future when planning the development of animal husbandry in the Arctic zone for decades to come. The unique adaptive capabilities of animals to the harsh conditions of the Far North open up wide opportunities for their rational use. Reindeer, musk ox and snow sheep are the most important components of high-latitude ecosystems, in which other ungulate species can practically not live, so they are of great scientific and practical value in preserving agro-diversity in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):26-36
pages 26-36 views

Cognitive and Intellectual Behavior of the Wolf (Canis lupus L.): Barriers Preventing the Breeding of a Population of Elk (Alces alces L.) by a Predator

Kochetkov V.

摘要

An important component of animal life is behavior. The article examines two forms of behavior: cognitive, genetically fixed, and intellectual, acquired as an adaptation to the environment. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the interpretation of these forms using the example of nest-building, territorial and foraging behavior of families in the wolf population group. The conservatism of the cognitive and the plasticity of the intellectual are shown, which together ensure high vitality and stability of wolf populations in the biogeocenosis. As a result of a comparative analysis, it was found that with increasing contacts between a wolf and a moose (Central Forest Biosphere Reserve), and a wolf and a deer (Yellowstone National Park and southwestern Montana), changes in behavior occurred in the prey. In moose, this manifested itself in increased alertness, which made it difficult for the wolf to approach the prey at a distance for a successful attack, and deer left feeding areas, but with an increased risk of attack by a predator, and preferred safer habitats with better visibility to detect wolves. These are the consequences of turning on the natural caution reflex. Increased alertness or vigilance was a barrier against the predator eating the prey. But the wolf cannot change the genetically fixed process of killing the victim by changing the hunting strategy: moving from a short-term pursuit in case of an unsuccessful attack to a long one.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):37-51
pages 37-51 views

Sex-Selective Infanticide and Sociality in Brown Bear Populations

Puchkovskiy S.

摘要

An analytical review of scientific publications containing materials or discussion of the concept of sexually selective infanticide (SSI) in brown bear populations (Ursus arctos) is presented. The authors of the SSI concept refer to the idea of sexual selection, which is a rather shaky conceptual basis. The concept was formed largely on the basis of materials obtained during the study of intraspecific relations in lion populations (Panthera leo). However, the facts from the behavioral ecology of the lion, which accumulate relatively quickly, can be interpreted quite ambiguously and even only when applied to this species, the concept of this does not look convincing enough and is obviously unnecessarily anthropomorphic. Infanticide, cannibalism and their combination are recorded in both lion and brown bear populations. However, the behavioral ecology of these species differs significantly. Brown bear populations are characterized by: pronounced seasonality of reproduction; the presence of a reproductive interval in bear females, which can vary significantly in populations with different habitat conditions and varies from 1 to 5 years; mating patterns can vary from lax monogamy to panmixia. Multiple paternity is possible within the litter (single fertility) of a brown bear. It follows from the review that brown bear populations are characterized by many features of sociality, the lifestyle of bears being both solitary and group. It is hardly correct to classify the brown bear (and other species of bears) as uniquely unsocial. From the analysis of publications on the behavioral ecology of the brown bear, it follows that the application of the SSI concept without significant additions is hardly useful for understanding the intraspecific relations of this species.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):52-63
pages 52-63 views

Ways to Implement a United Triad Regional Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems at the Present Stage Global Warming

Kolomyts E.

摘要

The program provisions on the geosystem monitoring of forests in connection with modern climate changes, put forward earlier by the author, are being developed. The search strategy is presented in the form of an experimental geo-ecological analysis (using the example of the forest ecosystems of the Volga River basin), with the implementation of the complete monitoring triad state—forecast—management, according to the Israel–Gerasimov’s concept. The theoretical and scientific-methodical foundations of geosystem monitoring are considered, the methods of basic and predictive empirical-statistical modeling of the functional and structural characteristics of forest communities developed by the author are presented. An integrated landscape-ecological approach to monitoring is presented by the analysis and forecast of climate-genic changes in three groups of invariant indicators of the structural and functional organization of forest biogeosystems: 1) numerical parameters characterizing the tightness of inter-component links (as an indicator of the territorial integrity of the geo(eco-)system); 2) primary bio-productivity as the main indicator of the biological cycle; 3) index of labile (phytocoenotic) stability of geo(eco-)systems as integral indicators of their ecological reserve. A working algorithm for geosystem monitoring of forests is described, which characterizes a successive change in the stages of observation, forecasting and regulation, with the identification of mitigation and adaptation effects on the carbon balances of forest ecosystems.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):64-79
pages 64-79 views

Transformation of Ecosystems of Floodplain Water Bodies under Current Natural and Anthropogenic Changes and Possible Strategies for their Conservation

Bashinskiy I., Kadetov N., Senkevic V., Stojko T., Katsman E., Osipov V.

摘要

This review summarizes information on the main negative factors affecting the state of floodplain water bodies ecosystems, describes the most common consequences for abiotic and biotic processes, and suggests possible ways to conserve these ecosystems. Evidence of the negative impact of hydraulic construction, embanking of floodplains, channelizing of rivers, agriculture, and other anthropogenic impacts is presented. A special role is played by climate change, which leads to a decrease in flood inundation, drying and overgrowing of water bodies, and their eutrophication. The authors suggest criteria to choose correct indicators that can testify not only to special stages of water body succession (e.g., vegetation) or its trophic status (zooplankton), but also to the long-term effects of anthropogenic and climatic changes. As a recommendation, it is proposed not to consider water bodies separately, but to assess the whole waterscapes and use the change in β-diversity as an indicator. Further conservation strategies can be based on the approaches of the Red List of Ecosystems of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), which will help to draw attention to the problem. The key role for the conservation of floodplain water bodies should be played by territorial protection measures, up to the development of a separate category for small water bodies.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):80-96
pages 80-96 views

On the Issue of Statistically Significant Differences between the Average Values of Plastic Features in Two Groups of Juvenile Fish and between the Average Values of Their Indices

Lobyrev F.

摘要

The regularities that determine the preservation and/or change of statistically significant differences during the transition from comparing the average values of plastic signs of juvenile fish to comparing the average values of their indices have been studied. An algorithm for evaluating the factors determining the variability of plastic features and their indices in allometry is proposed. Three cases of variability were identified and parametrized: (a) statistically significant differences are absent between the values of plastic features and their indices, (b) significant differences disappear when switching from comparing features to comparing their indices, and (c) significant differences in both cases remain. Case (b) is associated with different initial length of juveniles and different hatching time; case (c) is determined by different growth rates in the compared groups. The approach was tested on the selection of fingerlings of the Regsa fluviatilus L. perch from two reservoirs of the Staritsky district of the Tver region.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):97-110
pages 97-110 views

Microscopic Counting of the Total Number of Bacteria and Metabolically Active Bacteria in Soil Samples: Their Relationship and Oscillative Dynamics of Number

Semenov A., Shatalov A., Semenova E.

摘要

Experimental results of daily counting under a microscope for 30 days of prokaryotic cells in preparations from soil samples when stained with different specific dyes and literary results on daily counting of bacteria in soil using different methods are presented. The FITC dye, which stains the entire set of bacterial cells, revealed a wave-like dynamics of cell numbers with different numbers of oscillations in the form of peaks in all experiments. Using the SFDA dye, which detects only living, metabolically active cells, wave-like dynamics were also revealed, but their oscillating number was significantly less. The reliability of oscillations and differences in cell numbers when using different dyes were confirmed statistically and by harmonic analysis. The wave-like dynamics of living, metabolically active cells is a consequence of the cycles of growth and death of bacterial cells and short-term trophic succession in the microbial community. External disturbing influences did not affect the manifestation of wave-like population dynamics, both in the population of living cells and in the total number of cells. The phenomenon of wave-like dynamics of non-living bacterial cells and their numerical superiority is explained by the fact that cells, losing viability, lyse and disintegrate not immediately after dying, but with some delay in time. This leads to the accumulation and permanent superiority of the pool of dead cells when microscopically counting the total number of bacteria in the soil and explains the discrepancy in bacterial numbers between different counting methods. The presented experimental and literary material will serve as a substantiation for microbiologists and biotechnologists of the need to control the dynamics of the numbers of introduced populations and communities of microorganisms into the natural environment, as well as a source of knowledge for the successful management of natural microbial communities.

Uspehi sovremennoj biologii. 2024;144(1):111-134
pages 111-134 views