Vol 96, No 6 (2017)
- Year: 2017
- Published: 21.06.2017
- Articles: 19
- URL: https://rjpbr.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9707
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Mycobiota of soils of urban territories with different levels of anthropogenic load
Abstract
Anthropogenic forcing has a huge impact on the formation of the ecosystem of modern cities, including the composition of the mycobiota of the urban environment. The paper presents the results of mycological studies of soil samples taken in the city of Kazan in areas divided into recreational and transport functional areas with different levels of anthropogenic load. More than 60 species of fungi belonging to 15 genera, including 20 species common to soils in both zones were identified. Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizomucor sp., Trichoderma viride were shown to dominate in undisturbed natural areas, and in soils of the urban environment there was much more often found the presence of Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichophyton sp. In areas with good natural light the percentage of samples with low contamination by fungi was established to be significantly higher than in shaded areas: 16.7% and 7.1% in the recreational area; and 12.5% and 0% in the transport zone correspondingly. Potentially pathogenic species of fungi were detected in 80% of samples of recreational and in 95% of samples of transport areas. Dark-colored species (including Aspergillus, Alternaria, etc.) were shown to be more common in soils of transport zone, and Trichophyton sp. and Scopulariopsis sp. — in soils of recreational zone. The evaluation of mycological hazard index allowed to estimate the condition of the soil of Kazan as satisfactory for 80% of sites of recreational and 65% — of the transport area. The average value of the mycological hazard index for recreational areas was 2.7 and for the transport areas - 4.2. Results indicate to regular mycological monitoring would be desirable for the normalization of the mycological environment, significantly reducing the risk of mycosis, mycotoxicosis and mycogenic allergies, and should help to ensure sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population.



Vaccine prevention of Hepatitis B in adults: social aspects of the lack of its efficacy
Abstract
In Russia and the Kirov region (KR) there was a tendency to the reduction of the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in adults due to vaccine prevention.
Objective is to study the impact of the additional vaccination of adults from HBV-infection in 2007-2014 on the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B on the example of the Kirov region; to assess the level of awareness of the “naive” population concerning epidemiology, outcomes and vaccine prevention of hepatitis B in the total group and in dependence on the age.
Material and Methods. We treated data of Federal Supervision Service for Consumer’s Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Russian Federation and KR on infectious diseases for the period of 1999-2014; State report on sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation for 1998-2014, in the KR — for 2006-2014. With the help of the original questionnaire 850 persons aged of from 16 to 80 years, resided in the city of Kirov and the Kirov region, were interviewed anonymously, in 2013-15. Out of them for the comparison there were selected 2 groups: Group 1: cases aged of 18-35 years; Group 2: persons aged of 36-59 years.
Results. The reason for the slow decrease in the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B may be poor (20.3-64%) adult immunization coverage in 2007-2012. Poll “naive” adults revealed insufficient knowledge of epidemiology and outcomes of chronic hepatitis B, a good — questions vaccination of hepatitis B (81.8%). The survey of “naive” adults revealed the level of knowledge of the epidemiology and outcomes of HBV to be insufficient, the level concerning questions of vaccine prophylaxis for HBV to be good (81.8%). Awareness of HBV-infection depended on the age. Participants from the 2nd group had higher levels of general education. They knew ways of hepatitis B virus transmission significantly better but less about adverse outcomes of hepatitis B (11.0% cases) if compared with those of group 1, they showed more negative attitude to vaccination (30.8%) and failed to anticipate the possibility of antiviral therapy of Hepatitis B (27.7%).
Conclusion. The lack of awareness on the epidemiology and outcomes of hepatitis B can be one of the reasons for the refusal of vaccination in persons aged of 36-59 years. The medical community must actualize the problem of HBV-infection for promotion of immunization coverage and achieving of inoculations coverage up to 80-90%.



The problem of radon in the indoor air of residential and public buildings
Abstract
Jewish Autonomous Republic is a region of the Russian Federation associated with the high radon risk. The highest levels of radon concentration, more than 200 Bq/m3 (MPC 100 Bq/m3) were registered in the Obluchensky district and in the capital of autonomy — city of Birobidzhan. One-floor stone houses have the biggest content of radon (in units EEVA radon) in the air.



The application of the factor analysis in the study of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections
Abstract
Acute intestinal infections are referred to diseases of the great social and economic significance, consistently being the second in the structure of infectious incidence rate and death rate in the world. Elements of the parasitic system are strictly determined, but its quantity, quality, condition are constantly changing. The purpose of this paper was to reveal messengers and prerequisites of the activation of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections in the Sumy region (Ukraine) with the use of the factor analysis. In 2005–2014 the decline of the incidence rate of shigellosis (from 42.3 to 15 per 100 thousand pop.), the gain in salmonellosis incidence (from 13.0 to 16.4 for 100 thousand pop.) were determined. Incidence rates of acute intestinal infections caused by other specified agents, including those of undetermined etiology, foodborne diseases were stable, having no tendency to reduce (140.3-163.4 for 100 thousand pop.). Natural and social factors indirectly influenced on the intensity of epidemic process of diarrheal infections that seem to be background for complication of epidemiological situation. Direct correlative relationships (p<0.05) were established between the dynamics of salmonellosis incidence rate and ambient temperature rates, rainfall amount, rates of natural and migratory movement, shigellosis and number, population density (per 1 km2), acute intestinal infections of specified etiology, foodborne diseases and ambient temperature. Messengers of the activation of the shigellosis epidemiological process increase in Shigella carriers that determines the rate among decreed contingent, salmonellosis — atypical samples of meat cooking at public catering enterprises (р<0.05).



Comparative evaluation of procedures of Russian hygienic and environmental normative-methodical documents on the definition of hazardous waste class
Abstract
Currently in the world there is no universal scientifically based criteria system aimed at assessing the dangers of waste. There are two waste classification systems adopted in Russia: SP 2.1.7.1386-03 on the degree of the impact on the environment and human health wastes are divided into 4 hazard classes; Criteria of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) of the Russian Federation on the degree of the negative impact of wastes on the environment are divided into 5 classes of danger. In the Russian practice in all areas of toxicology and health care, in justifying the MAC in the fishery waters 4 classes of dangerous substances are used. The least dangerous substances are referred to class 4 of danger, “a little dangerous.” Any chemical substance under certain conditions can have adverse effects on human health and nature. Introduction of hazard class V in Criteria MPR is contrary to the generally accepted concepts and practice of evaluation of substances. Examples of differences in the contents of two documents are given, indicating the intention of the authors of MPR Criteria to reduce the requirements for waste treatment conditions. The MNRE Criteria miss the very concept and method of the evaluation of substances that have carcinogenic properties. The SP 2.1.7.1386-03 in case of the presence in waste of substances with proven carcinogenicity for humans, assigns to the waste component the highest value of the danger index, other indices may not be considered. This approach is not proposed in MNRE Criteria. They completely ignore results of basic research, which showed the lack of the regular toxicity relationship for bioassays and mammals. MNRE criteria cannot be regarded as the only document on the determination of the waste hazard class. It is necessary to create a universal document to determine the hazard class of waste in production and consumption, ensuring safe conditions of human life and protection of the natural environment.



Comparative analysis of the influence of complex mixtures of chemical air pollutants on biochemical, physiological, gonado-, embryotoxic indices of laboratory animals and hygienic evaluation of their combined action
Abstract
In the paper there are presented results of experimental works on the study of the character of the combined toxic effect of various complex mixtures presenting in atmospheric air. The action of complex mixtures on the organism of laboratory animals was studied in two series of experiments. In the first series of the experiments there was investigated the combined action of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and suspended substances, and in the second series of experiments - of lead acetate, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide and ammonia.The character of the combined action of lead acetate, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, ammonia under one-term inhalation is established to be manifested in the form of “effect-summation”, and the impact of such suspended substances as hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide was similar to the type of “incomplete summation”. In the joint presence of lead acetate, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, ammonia in the ambient air, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC ) for each substance should not exceed 0.25 MPC, and the hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and suspended solids should not exceed 0.46 MPC under their isolated action .



Ultraviolet disinfection as an element of multi-barrier approach to the water treatment for the protection against chlorine-resistant pathogens
Abstract
Ultraviolet disinfection is the most efficient mode in combination with other disinfection methods within multi-barrier approach for the water treatment. UV disinfection being effective against a wide range of pathogens including the chlorine-resistant (viruses and protozoa) significantly reduces chlorine byproducts. This paper presents a review of results of the implementation of multi-barrier lay-out with the application of UV disinfection at water and wastewater treatment plants of large cities: St. Petersburg and Nizhniy Novgorod.



The problem of contradictions in the normative base of laser safety
Abstract
The wide use of laser technology in various spheres of human activity, especially, observed in recent years the mass distribution of various civil laser products, requires the application of effective measures of the state regulation of the safe use of laser products. Laser radiation is referred to the category of hazardous and harmful physical factors of influence, since it can inflict irreparable harm to the human visual apparatus. Measures of the State regulation include the development and effective application of regulatory documents that provide laser safety both in human production and in everyday life. By the beginning of the 1990s, in Russia there was basically developed a regulatory base, relied upon the application of safety indices for laser products ((Maximum permissible levels of laser radiation and hazard classes of laser products), regulated in the “Sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers” No. 5804-91. In recent years, in the territory of the Russian Federation there have been introduced national standards, identical to IEC standards of IEC 60825 series. The safety indices regulated in these standards turned out to be much softer compared to the similar indices specified in SN # 5804-91. The introduction of the IEC 60825 series standards significantly reduces the level of the safety of laser technology and leads to the disorientation of the domestic manufacturer and consumer of laser products. In this paper, a critical analysis of laser safety indices, regulated in the standards of the series IEC 60825, was conducted and there was made an assessment of the legality of the introduction of such standards in the territory of the Russian Federation.



OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
Occupational hygiene and health of workers employed in the processing of natural gas
Abstract
This review in chronological order considers steps of the solution of the one of key issues of occupational medicine, namely - a hygienic assessment of working conditions at enterprises of gas-processing industry - the most steadily growing sector of economy, reliably providing the population’s needs and the national economy for fuel and energy resources. The intensity of the working process at these enterprises was shown to be often associated with the persistent exposure to various harmful factors of the occupational environment that in the complex promotes the formation of unfavorable functional states, a decline in the level of physical and mental health, productivity and efficiency of work. Industrial air environment in services workshop and compressor houses is often polluted with hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, mercaptans, methanol, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon oxides. The main cause of this pollution is a certain imperfection of the technological process and equipment, especially the lack of its tightness. The number of processes at a high temperature and elevated pressure in the presence of very aggressive reagents primarily, as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide promotes the release of harmful substances into air environment. The possibility of their additive or synergistic impact on employees is not excluded because just in such industries there is seen a number of combinations of harmful substances enforcing the action of each other. There is made a conclusion that working conditions and environmental protection at the enterprises for the processing of natural gas and condensate with the high content of hydrogen sulfide and other corrosive components need for the further comprehensive hygienic assessment with the aim of the development of measures for the improvement of working conditions, preservation of workers’ health and environmental protection at all stages of production and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials in modern conditions.
In preparing the review, the Scopus and Russian Information Scientific Center databases were used.



The influence of occupational factors on indices of red blood of donors of the industrial city
Abstract
The problem of blood transfusion is closely associated with a reduction in the number of donors — people donating blood voluntarily, which is especially important for the modern industrial city. There was executed the study of the movement of the donation at the enterprises with harmful working conditions in the city of Tyumen. These enterprises with a large number of workers have the stable gain in persons willing to donate blood, but in parallel, there is increasing the number of persons receiving the allotment. In the work there was investigated an influence of occupational factors on indices (hemoglobin concentration, number of red blood cells, ESR, hematocrit, color index ) of the red blood of donors, with taking into account their gender and age. Results of the survey of 4 267 blood donors in 2011-2014 show an increase in the number of medical counterindications for donations, due to changes in red blood indices in persons, working at enterprises with harmful working conditions. In all examined men and women whose work is associated with harmful occupational factors, there was revealed a significant decline in hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte count. Objective hematologic observations along with subjective assessments of donors of their own health have shown the development of anemic syndrome — one of the main syndromes of lead professional pathology. It is necessary to continue the search for factors contributing to the increase in the share of the withdrawal of donors due to low hemoglobin concentration. It is recommended the supplement of industry reporting with stratified rates of the withdrawal of donors before donation and the development of an algorithm for the rehabilitation of exempted donors. Among the most promising measures for the maintenance and development of the donation at enterprises with harmful working conditions, specific plans for improving health including specific means and conditions for the recovery of the blood system should be developed.



Musculo-skeletal and peripheral nervous diseases in employees of the oil industry in conditions of the combined impact of vibration and the heavy working process
Abstract
There were studied working conditions and the state of the muscular-skeletal system in employees of the oil industry. Working conditions of employees of basic occupations are referred to the hazard Class 3.1–3.3. Significant physical exertion with the predominant load on the lumbar-sacral area, constrained posture, the exposure to the general vibration and adverse weather conditions contribute to the development of diseases of the muscular-skeletal and peripheral nervous system. The most perspective trend in solving problems of diseases of the muscular-skeletal system is the implementation of the complex of preventive measures including both primary and secondary prophylaxis.



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Analysis and forecasting of reserve capabilities of the organism of students according to indices of heart rate variabilit
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, there is a deterioration trend in the health of the younger generation, in particular, an increasing number of persons with functional disorders of the cardiovascular system. Regarding this it is important to develop an comprehensive approach to the study of the circulatory indices in the young age with informative clinical diagnostic techniques and new ways to analyze the data.
Material and methods. Heart rate variability (HRV) indices in 200 students at rest and during exercise were studied. For a more complete assessment of the functional reserves of cardiovascular system after the load the index of the normal heart rhythm restoration (SDNN) was calculated. Moreover, we built logistic models and curves of the operating characteristics.
Results. At rest, no significant differences in indices of both HRV and autonomic regulation of heart rate have been identified between boys and girls aged of 16-18 years. Students of the different gender, aged of 19-22 years showed significant differences in spectral parameters of HRV, there was noted the dominance of the sympathetic component of heart rate regulation in boys and parasympathetic — in girls. In terms of physical activity in undergraduate students there is observed mainly the activation of vagal influences on the heart, in senior students the vegetative balance shifted to the direction of the increased activity of mechanisms of the sympathetic regulation. The revealed decrease of NHRR reflects the low level of the reserve capacity of the cardiovascular system in 41% out of observed students. Part of students with an increased probability of the reduction of functional cardiac disorders accounted for 42% of boys and 39% of girls among students aged 16-18 years and 36% of boys and 44% of girls among students aged of 19-22 years.
Conclusion. There is a change in the nature of autonomous regulation of heart rate in students of different gender and ages from 16-18 to 19-22 years. The optimal cardiac response to stress test is observed at low baseline values of heart rate and the prevalence of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic regulation of the heart rate at rest. To assess the functional reserve of the cardiovascular system in HRV indices we recommend the calculation of NHRR and the analysis of the SDNN coefficient for the effective prediction of heart rate recovery rate after exercise testing.



Health state of children and teenagers and factors affecting on its formation
Abstract
In recent years there is the lack of investigations concerning the impact of climate on the state of children’s health. At the same time risks associated with the influence of genetic and biological factors in dependence on the age seem to be relevant. To assess the state of health of children and adolescents in dependence on the area of the residence as well as biological factors that form and determine the health throughout ontogenesis. There is presented the one stage study of 626 children and adolescents (aged of from 4 to 17 years) residing in three different bioclimatic zones of the Primorsky Krai. There was executed both the comprehensive assessment of health in the each age group in dependence on the area of residence, and the factor analysis to determine the degree of the influence of factors on the health of children and adolescents in different bioclimatic zones. The main aims of the factor analysis are the decline of the number of variables (data reduction) and determination of the structure of interrelationships between variables. As a result, the method allowed to isolate from the large mass (73 factors) of the initial indices those factors that characterized features of the health of children and adolescents in certain climatic conditions in the process of growth and development over ontogenesis. After the iteration of the eigenvalues there were revealed factorial loads with coefficient > 0.5. The level of health in preschool children was revealed to be determined by pre- and postnatal factors, while in schoolchildren the role of the level of physical development and parameters of the functioning of most important organs and systems under the regulatory influence of neuro- endocrine system is increased. At the same time, the indices of these factors are statistically significantly differ in various bioclimatic zones of the Primorsky Krai.



Risk assessment of internet addiction for the mental health of adolescents
Abstract
We studied the effect of Internet addiction on the emotional symptoms (anxiety, aggressiveness and emotional stability) adolescents, and parental attitude to the problem of Internet addiction and Internet safety. The study involved 116 adolescents (13-14 years) and 120 parents. It was found that the level of self-evaluation, interpersonal, school and General anxiety in adolescents with Internet addiction are significantly higher than adolescents that do not have addiction. The level of aggression in adolescents with Internet addiction above the norm by 2,5 times. Adolescents with Internet addiction, three times more likely to have a low level of stress. Parents of teenagers did not know the basics of prevention of Internet addiction in their children and do not pay particular attention to the formation of information-psychological security on the Internet.



Indices of the response of the cardiovascular system in students to the lavender (lavandula angustifola) odor during the warming-up in the educational process
Abstract
Here was investigated the dynamics of indices of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in students during the educational load, followed by cold inhalation of lavender oil. The study was executed twice: before and after aromatherapy. For the evaluation of the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system the registration and analysis of ECG were performed by means of the method of variation pulsometry with the use of the hardware-software complex, including portable electrocardiograph brand “Bio-Arm 001”, a personal computer with the software for automatic recording and analysis of ECG. In the experimental situation for each subject there were analyzed five-minutes ECG records. There were investigated statistical, histographical, integral and spectral parameters of the cardiac rhythm. Psychosomatic status of students was assessed by individual survey. The analysis of dynamic characteristics of heart rate variability showed that after the half-hour education load (the warming-up period) in the majority of the students there was observed the exertion of regulatory mechanisms of the heart rhythm. The preventive use of lavender ethereal oil contributes to the enhancement of adaptive capabilities of the body of students, optimization of regulatory mechanisms, and increased tolerance of the body to psycho-emotional loads. Against the background of the impact of lavender ethereal oil the adaptation to the training loads is running via the parasympathetic (more economical) type of regulation of the cardiovascular system of the body. Correcting influence of the odor of aromatic oils on the functional condition of the body may be caused to the fact that the perception of odors and treatment of olfactory information involves the most important parts of the brain: frontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, a brain structure, limbic reticular structures et al., referred to morphological and functional substrates of emotional reactions.



FOOD HYGIENE
Viral contaminants of food products and methods of their detection
Abstract
There were summarized data on epidemiology and the properties of several groups of viral diseases, actually or potentially capable of implementation of the food route of transmission of infection (noroviruses, hepatitis viruses A and E, adenoviruses, astroviruses, rotaviruses, “avian” and “swine” flu viruses). There were mentioned most well-known massive outbreaks of enterovirus infections in countries of South-East Asia, India, China, Europe and other regions. The importance of products of animal and vegetable origin, and also water biological resources as factors of transmission of viral infections are shown. The analysis of available methods of detection of foodborne viruses shows the execution of analysis to demand for matching of methods for extraction and concentration of samples. An important criterion of the suitability of the used variant of the extraction must be its compatibility with demands for molecular methods — the minimum number of stages of sample processing with chemical reagents, neutral pH, preservation of antigenic properties and the intact viral RNA of pathogen. With consideration of the genetic diversity of food viruses, their detection requires the assortment of effective combinations of several types of primers, probes and conditions for the amplification. The methods of the rapid control should be based on the use of most modern types of analysis, including multi-primer PCR, hybridization on nucleotide microchips, immunochromatography and ELISA. Prior to the introduction into the practice, internal and external comparative tests of express methods should be executed to confirm their resolution and interlaboratory reproducibility. The introduction of comprehensive methods for the analysis of food viruses, the creation of a monitoring system on their basis, including the order and organization of research, the collection and exchange of information by competent organizations in real time regimen, can significantly increase the effectiveness of investigating outbreaks of viral infections with food transmission, reduce the risk of cross contamination in food enterprises, reduce the likelihood of using raw materials contaminated with viral pathogens in the production process, and improve the safety of food products



DIETARY PATTERNS AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH OF THE POPULATION (ESSE-RF) STUDY IN THE KEMEROVO REGION
Abstract



INDICATION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS IN THE TERRITORY OF AGRICULTURAL PROVINCE
Abstract



EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL REORGANIZATION OF SKIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES UNDER EXPERIMENTAL SUBACUTE OF INTOXICATION BY HEAVY METALS
Abstract


