Том 103, № 3 (2024)

Introduction. The biological effect of natural silicon (Si) and its hygienic regulation in drinking water still remain subjects of controversy in the scientific literature and in the practice of providing favourable conditions for water use by the population. In this regard, an assessment was made of the effect of natural silicon contained in drinking water in concentrations close to the maximum permissible concentration on the body of laboratory animals.

Materials and methods. Drinking waters containing natural Si at MPC levels in water were studied, their effect was assessed in a three-month experiment on 80 white outbred male rats. Observations were made of the general condition, appearance of the animals, body weight dynamics, water consumption. The morphological composition of whole blood was studied. Biochemical indices of the condition of internal organs, including the liver, were determined in serum samples (the ALT and AST activity, the level of total protein and albumin), pancreas (α-amylase activity), kidneys (creatinine content), as well as lactate dehydrogenase activity as a nonspecific indicator of tissue damage.

Results. In animals received 17±3.4 mg/L silicon with drinking water at a hardness of 2.25±0.47 mg-eq/L, a significant decrease in ALT activity was found on the 30^th and 90^th days of the experiment, AST — on 90^th day, increase in the content of total protein and albumin in the serum on the 30^th day of the experiment. Drinking water with silicon concentrations of 20.5±4.1 mg/L and hardness 3.55±0.76 mg-eq/L decreased ALT activity and serum creatinine concentration on the 30^th day and increased amylase activity on the 90^th day of the experiment. The animals had the highest water consumption and intake of silicon from drinking water over the first month of the experiment.

Limitations. Limitations of the study are related to the short duration of observation and the small number of points for determining biochemical parameters over time.

Conclusion. Consumption of drinking water containing natural silicon for 90 days led to changes in biochemical indices, largely indicating the positive effect of the element in concentrations of 17±3.4 mg/L and 20.5±4.1 mg/L on the body of laboratory animals.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks" of the FMBA of Russia, conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive 2010/63/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union dated 09/22/2010 on protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Egorova N.A. — concept and design of the study, material analysis, writing text, editing;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Mikhailova R.I. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Khripach L.V. — biochemical analysis;
Alekseeva A.V. — research organization;
Ryzhova I.N. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material;
Kochetkova M.G. — collection and processing of material, approval of the final version of the article;
Knyazeva T.D. — biochemical analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 15, 2024 / Accepted: March 11, 2024 / Published: April 10, 2024

Introduction. The paper presents the results of a study for the assessment of the epidemiological risk to public health and the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic in the city of Kovrov, a large industrial center of the Vladimir region.

Materials and methods. The objects of the study are the morbidity in the population of the Kovrovsky district of the Vladimir region and the soil cover of the city of Kovrov, whose industrial enterprises specialize in the production of machine-building products. Soil samples were taken in the area of industrial enterprises, highways, and residential areas. The soil cover was examined by X-ray fluorescence method to determine the content of heavy metals and arsenic.

Results. The conducted study on the assessment of probable risk allowed establishing in the Kovrov district, relative to background regional values, children to have a very high risk for 10 classes of diseases, adults have a very high risk for 6 classes of diseases. Contamination of the Carpet city soil with heavy metals and arsenic has been established. The priority pollutants of the Kovrov soil are zinc, lead and arsenic, which belong to the first hazard class. There was a significant variation in the content of heavy metals within both industrial and residential zones. Extremely dangerous chemical contamination of the soil with heavy metals has been detected. The assessment of the level of chemical soil pollution, as an indicator of adverse effects on public health, showed the residential part of the city, where most of the residents live, to be located in the zone of moderately dangerous or dangerous category of soil pollution.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to one-time sampling and a small number of reference sites, which limits the possibilities of a broader interpretation of the data obtained.

Conclusion. The unfavourable state of the soil cover in the residential area of Kovrov requires the manaagement and conducting constant ecological and hygienic monitoring of this territory. To reduce pollutants in particular, heavy metals, entering the soil of the city and, it is necessary to improve the system for cleaning gas-air emissions of machine-building enterprises of the city, as well as to ensure the effective arrangement of sanitary protection zones. To reduce the content of heavy metals in the soil, it is necessary to carry out measures to detoxify contaminated soils.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

Contribution:
Martsev A.A. — research concept and design, material collection and statistical data processing, text writing;
Selivanov O.G. — material collection and data processing, text writing;
Kurbatov Yu.N. — laboratory research;
Trifonova T.A. — research concept and design, final structuring of the article for publication.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: December 15, 2023 / Revised: December 26, 2023 / Accepted: March 11 / Published: April 10, 2024

Conclusions on the fulfillment or violation of regulatory requirements ensuring the hygienic safety of the research object of the supervised object are carried out by state sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies based on the results of laboratory studies of controlled indicators. These are, in particular, conclusions on the safety of drinking water sources for the population. The composition and properties of this water, on the instructions of sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies and water supply institutions, can be examined equally by accredited laboratories that comply with the accreditation criteria in carrying out their activities. At the same time, unfortunately, it is impossible to guarantee the same results of laboratory testing of controlled microbiological, chemical, and other indicators, due to their variability and measurement errors. As a result, the conclusions about the quality and safety of water obtained by the supervisory authority and the supplier (user), primarily in cases concerning the boundary values of hygiene standards, may differ. For constructive resolution of controversial situations arising in this case, this paper proposes a method of tolerance control, the result of which is a logical judgment on the compliance or non-compliance of controlled quantities with established standards. It is shown how this reduces the risk of erroneous recognition of non-compliance of the composition or properties of water with hygienic requirements and guarantees safe water supply to the population. Authors suggested equations of admission control to assess compliance with the requirements of sanitary, epidemiological, and hygienic safety of controlled facilities. A method convenient for practical use is proposed, and using a specific example of monitoring the water quality of wells in the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, it is shown how it is possible to establish the water safety of almost half of the initially rejected water sources. The use of tolerance control is recommended if it is necessary to increase the reliability of hygienic conclusions on the safety of a wide range of supervised facilities, for which convenient mathematical expressions are given.

Contribution:
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Rozental O.M. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic FMWZ-2022-0002).

Received: December 22, 2023 / Accepted: March 11, 2024 / Published: April 10, 2024

Introduction. Representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae are ubiquitous in the environment, causing severe, including opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The occurrence of antibiotic-sensitive bacteria of the Klebsiella genus within the recreational zone of a water body is potent of posing an epidemiologic danger to the inhabitants of the settlement.

Materials and Methods. Water samples from the surface aquifers of the Don and Temernik rivers of Rostov-on-Don served as the material for the study. The sensitivity of isolates of Kl. pneumoniae isolates to fourteen antibacterial preparations were investigated by disk-diffusion method in accordance with the requirements of MUK 4.2.1980-04 and EUCAST v. 13.0 (2023). 13.0 (2023). Carbapenemase genes VIM, IMP, NDM, KPC, OXA-48, NDM were determined using commercial diagnostic kits AmpliSense MDR MBL-FL, AmpliSense MDR KPC/OXA-48-FL, AmpliSense MDR Ab-OXA-FL.

Results. In 2022, 247 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated in 14 biotopes of water bodies of Rostov-on-Don. Biotopes of epidemiological significance were identified with the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in 28 isolates isolated above and below the sewage discharge site (sampling point #1 and #5) and strains isolated from the mouth of the Temernik River (sampling point #14). Phenotype of multidrug-resistant (MDR) in point No. 1 possessed 22%, point No. 5 — 26.9%, point No. 14 — 26%; phenotype of extreme drug resistance (XDR) in point No. 1 possessed 11.1 %, point No. 5 — 15.3%, point No. 14 — 13%; phenotype of pan-drug-resistant (PDR) in point No. 1 did not possess, point No. 5 — 3.8%, point No. 14 — 4.3%.

Limitations. A limitation of the study is related to the location of water sampling from the river. Don and R. Temernik on the territory of Rostov-on-Don, covering from March to November 2022. In this article, we limited ourselves to sanitary-bacteriological and molecular genetic analysis.

Conclusion. The detection of PDR, XDR, and MDR antibiotic-resistant phenotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as the detection of resistance genes, indicates to an increased risk of water-associated acute intestinal infections, especially in immunosuppressed individuals.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee.

Contribution:
Kalyuzhin A.С. — Development of the study design, analysis of the obtained data, preparation of the manuscript;
Bayrakova A.L. — study design development, analysis of the obtained data, manuscript preparation;
Morozova M.A. — analysis of the obtained data, preparation of the manuscript, editing of the manuscript;
Latyshevskaya N.I. — editing of the manuscript;
Ruzhentsova T.A. — editing of the manuscript text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 28, 2023 / Revised: February 20, 2024 / Accepted: March 11 / Published: April 10, 2024

Introduction. Harmful working conditions contribute to the development of dyslipidemia

Goal — assessment of the blood lipid spectrum in men of different age groups under conditions of occupational stress.

Materials and methods. We analyzed the lipid spectrum of the blood in men aged up to 40 years (groups No. 1, 2 with different work experience, n=22 and n=20) and over 40 years of age (group No. 3, n=20). Assessed working conditions. Nutritional status, diet, physical activity, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption were determined.

Result. Working conditions are harmful in terms of tension of 3.2 degrees. Physical activity is insufficient, 47.3% have three meals a day, 52.7% have two meals a day. In groups under 40 years of age with different years of experience, 68.2% and 63.2% are overweight; in people over 40 years old, 55.0% are overweight, class I obesity. at 20.0%. The proportion of smokers is 4.5%, 10.0% and 20.0%. With increasing age and experience, triglycerides increased (from 1.12±0.95 to 1.53±0.94 (p=0.022), total cholesterol (from 5.04±1.22 to 6.31±1.2, p=0.001), low-density lipoproteins (from 3.8±0.98 to 4.83± 1.11, p=0.01) mmol/l; proportions of people with hypertriglyceridemia (from 9.1 to 43.8%), hypercholesterolemia (from 40.9% to 93.7%), high LDL-C (from 47.6 to 93.75%); in subgroup No. 1, 19.0%, No. 2, 33.4% had HDL-C below normal. Lipid atherogenicity increased from 3.34±0.13 to 3.95±0.27 (p=0.031).

Limitations. Men under 40 and over 40 years of age with varying years of experience working in hazardous work conditions.

Conclusion. Hard work with poor nutrition and physical inactivity contributes to atherogenic changes in blood lipids. It is proposed to expand the list of studies to assess the atherogenicity of lipids in trained workers; in people with strenuous work, determine at an earlier age for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Compliance with ethical standards. The work was carried out in accordance with the conclusion of the Ethics Committee of the Volga Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, protocol No. 4 dated March 14, 2022.

Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal “Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)”.

Conribuiton:
Rakhmanov R.S. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Bogomolova E.S. — editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Razgulin S.A. — participation in the interpretation of results, preparation of the text;
Narutdinov D.A. — collection and systematization of primary material;
Antyuganov S.N. — collection of literature data;
Kalyuzhny V.E. — statistical processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The work was carried out according to the plan of scientific works of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution "PIMU" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and according to the plan of D.A. Narutdinov's dissertation research.

Received: January 23, 2024 / Revised: February 28, 2024 / Accepted: March 11, 2024/ Published: April 10, 2024

Introduction. Chronic stress plays an important role in the development of a wide range of mental, somatic and behavioural disorders, and therefore is a risk factor for the health in living organisms. A negative effect on the state of the nervous system is also observed when the body is poisoned with acrylamide, which is a substance of the second class of danger and is considered toxic and carcinogenic. Exposure of the body to mental and toxic stressors leads to autonomic and neuroendocrine activation, which, in turn, manifests itself as special behavioural patterns.

The purpose of the experiment was to assess the effect of chronic stress on the degree of acrylamide toxicity in rats.

Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on white outbred rats with an average weight of 200 g of both sexes (n=60), which were evenly distributed into five groups: negative control, chronic stress, acrylamide, acrylamide + treatment, acrylamide + chronic stress. Throughout the study, the animals were kept under standard conditions with 12 hours of artificial lighting during the day, a relatively constant level of humidity (30–70%) and an air temperature of 20–25 °C. Behavioural tests were conducted once a week for one calendar month using a 40×40 hole board, a multifunctional cage to assess general activity, and an elevated plus maze with an ANY-maze video tracking system. Biochemical parameters were assessed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Results. Analysis of behaviour on a board with holes did not reveal statistically significant results (H=8.987; p=0.061). When comparing vertical and horizontal motor activity between groups, statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05). AST levels were higher in the stress groups, while cholesterol levels in the same groups were lower (p<0.05).

Limitations. Laboratory animals of only one biological species were used for the experiment. The toxicant was used only in one concentration.

Conclusion. Chronic stress may influence on acrylamide toxicity in rats to a certain extent.

Compliance with ethical standards. Date of the meeting of the bioethical commission of the Federal Budgetary Institution “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology” 08.02.2024, No. 01-02. Manipulations with all animals were carried out strictly in compliance with the rules prescribed in basic regulatory documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Declaration of Helsinki on the Humane Treatment of Animals.

Contribution:
Gizatullina A.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, text writing;
Khusnutdinova N.Yu. — collection and processing of material;
Karimov D.D. — collection and processing of material;
Smolyankin D.O. — collection and processing of material;
Valova Y.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Karimov D.O. — concept and design of the study, statistical processing;
Muhammadieva G.F. — editing;
Repina E.F. — concept and design of the study;
Akhmadeev A.R. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. Industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor for 2021-2025 “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, on the topic: “Studying the impact of chemical production factors in conditions of chronic stress” No. NIOKTR I124021200153 -3.

Received: February 20, 2024 / Accepted: March 11 2024 / Published: April 10, 2024

Introduction. Antibiotic contamination of the environment is a serious environmental threat that poses a hazard to human health. To monitor the content of tetracycline antibiotics in environmental objects and control technological processes aimed at their disposal, accessible analytical methods are needed.

Purpose of the study. Development of a method for determining antibiotics of the tetracycline group in water using a diode array detector with preliminary solid-phase concentration.

Material and methods. The objects of the study were model solutions of minocycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, metacycline, and doxycycline in deionized, tap, natural, and treated wastewater. For solid-phase extraction, Diapak P and Diapak PG cartridges were used. SPE was performed using a VacMaster-10 manifold (Biotage). Chromatographic separation was carried out on Diasphere C10CN and Kromasil Eternity 250 × 4.6 mm 5 µm columns on an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technology).

Results. Optimal conditions for the chromatographic separation of minocycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, metacycline, and doxycycline were selected: isocratic mode, wavelength of 350 nm, mobile phase — acetonitrile: aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (pH = 3.0). The analysis time on Diasphere C10CN and Kromasil Eternity columns was 12 and 14 minutes, respectively. The reliability of the linear approximation in both cases was more than 0.99, however, the slopes on the Kromasil Eternity column were 1.35–1.65 times higher than on Diasphere C10CN. The degree of extraction of tetracyclines from deionized water on Diapak P and Diapak PG cartridges was 90–95%, from tap water 61–89%, from purified waste water: 51–87%.

Limitations. The method is not suitable for water bodies with tetracycline contents less than 2 µg/dm³.

Conclusion. An HPLC method has been developed for the determination of minocycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, metacycline, and doxycycline in water with preliminary SPE concentration on Diapak P and Diapak PG cartridges. The lower limit of determination for the sorption of target compounds from 0,1 dm³ of sample was 2 µg/dm³.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Nekrasova L.P. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting material and processing data, editing;
Kuleshova O.Yu. — collecting material and processing data.
All authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study was supported by the state contract “Conducting an analytical review to identify priority chemical pollutants in the wastewater of the metropolis and water bodies polluted by them.”

Received: October 19, 2023 / Revised: February 14, 2024 / Accepted: March 11, 2024 / Published: April 10, 2024

The article looks more like a scientific-theoretical than an experimental one, so it is proposed to remove the IMRAD structure, especially since it is given only in the summary, but not in the article itself.

“In Russia, under the national project “Education”, a large-scale program for the construction of schools is underway. About 700 schools have already been built, and if in general for all programs, this is 900 schools..... Many schools have swimming pools, modern canteens...” noted the head of the relevant ministry at a meeting with the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin at the beginning of 2023. In total, about 750 billion rubles were allocated to finance the program for the construction of new schools. (it includes 454 billion from the federal budget). In total, it is planned to build 1,300 educational institutions, which will have more than 1 million places. In addition to the construction of new schools, the plan provides for the implementation of a program of capital repairs and technical renovation of existing general education institutions by the end of 2026: it will include 7,300 buildings. The pace of capital renovations has also accelerated in 2022–2023: three thousand buildings will be renovated, mainly in rural areas. By 2024, all 27 thousand rural schools, according to modern requirements, will be equipped with modern equipment. In modern schools, it is planned to equip computer classes with modern computing equipment, and energy saving plans provide for the widespread use of LED lighting. The reasons for the negative effects of the light spectrum of LED lighting and personal computer monitors on the health of children and adolescents, in particular the increase in myopia, have not yet been sufficiently studied.

 Analytical, sociological, and statistical methods were used.

The relationship between physiological and behavioural factors that may lead to decreased vision is described. The restructuring of the work of the visual analyzer, associated with the selection of information in accordance with the models proposed in the social environment has been suggested to contribute to the formation of myopia; with a decrease in one’s own search activity with increased myopia; with an increase in the functioning of internal information processing systems and
a decrease in the systems of perception and implementation of actions.

Limitations. The study was limited to the area of study of the subject of research, materials from the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI databases and our own experiments.

Conclusion. The spectral composition of artificial light and its intensity give rise to the prerequisites for the development of myopia or another functional-structural response in the variety of ganglion, amacrine cells, and receptors in the visual analyzer of multicellular animals. The narrow and incomplete spectrum of light from domestic LED lamps cannot be a good choice for the prevention of myopia in children. Considering the diversity of opsins in the human visual analyzer, we have developed and manufactured an artificial, light source using LEDs and phosphors, the spectrum of which considers the spectral photosensitivity of opsins in the human eye and is close as possible to the spectrum of sunlight at a correlated colour temperature of about 4000 and 3000 K. The first one has now been manufactured a batch of lamps, the spectral composition of the emitted light of which has no analogues and is ahead of the world’s best samples in terms of spectrum composition and efficiency level. The spectrum of this light source was demonstrated in a presentation at the Erisman Readings 2023. To elucidate the biological mechanisms of the development of myopia in children, additional efforts are needed within the framework of a new scientific direction - evolutionary hygiene. This will make it possible to establish how small changes in the composition of the light spectrum (emission in the region of 410–450 nm, dip in the region of 480 nm and absence of 380 nm) of artificial sources influenced catastrophic (chaotic) changes at the genetic level of humans and the entire living world.

Contribution:
Kaptsov V.A. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Deinego V.N. — collecting material, processing data, writing text.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 21, 2023 / Revised: February 27, 2024 / Accepted: March 11 / Published: April 10, 2024