Distribution and morphometric characteristics of beaded channels in the northern part of the steppe zone of the Russian plain

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Beads – are rounded natural river channel extensions. The channels in which these extensions follow each other for a considerable length of the river are called “beaded channels” or “chain-of-ponds”. They are a specific insufficiently studied morphodynamic type of small river channels widespread in the cryolithozone and in the steppe. The origin of such channels in permafrost is considered to be erosion-thermokarst. But the mechanisms of channel widening in the steppe are still debated. Even in adjacent territories they are explained by different reasons: cryogenic relics of the late Neopleistocene, irregular siltation and other processes. In this paper, the frequency of occurrence of beaded-shaped channels in the northern regions of the steppe zone of the European part of Russia was assessed. Their distribution in small rivers of the Khoper-Buzuluk Plain and Kalachskaya Upland was analyzed. Morphometric analysis of channel parameters was carried out on one of the typical small rivers, the Kardail. It was found that beaded channels are characteristic of steppe rivers with catchment areas from 44 km2 to 9000 km2 and with the range of gradients from 0.26 m/km to 1.35 m/km. With catchment areas greater than 1600 km2, beads are only observed in channel branches and cutoffs. In the unbranched rivers the beads are most often observed within meanders that have a ratio of half of wavelength to channel width greater than 10 and no evidence of active channel dynamics on the banks. The length of a beaded type channel can reach 80% of entire length of the river. Two types of beads have been identified, differing in size, location in the channel, and expression within the high-level or low-level floodplain berms. The beads expressed only in the edges of the low-level floodplain are probably associated with uneven overgrowing of the degrading channel and the formation of a young floodplain, while beads expressed in the edges of high-level floodplain are most likely formed by external factors, such as cryogenic or suffusion.

作者简介

A. Kamyshev

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: arsenii.kamyshev@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

A. Kyrakova

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography

Email: a.a.kurakova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

A. Tarbeeva

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography

Email: amtarbeeva@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Location of the studied river basins: 1 – Buzuluk basin (Khoper-Buzuluk lowland); 2 – basins rivers of the Kalach Upland; 3 – water bodies; 4 – rivers; 5 – cities.

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3. Fig. 2. Examples of riverbeds with varying degrees of overgrowth: (a) – completely overgrown; (б) – partially overgrown; (в) – open channel (not overgrown).

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4. Fig. 3. Determination of the parameters of the Kardail River channel: (a) – parameters of the meanders (the width of the channel in the edges of the high-level floodplain – bвп, the width of the channel in the edges of the low-level floodplain – bнп, the half of the meander wavelength – L, the minimum radius of curvature – r); (б) – parameters of beads (the maximum widths of the bead – Bч and the maximum lengths of the bead – Lч).

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5. Fig. 4. Channel types of the rivers in the basin of the Buzuluk basin – the Tishanka River, the Akishevka River and the Peskovatka River – with a distribution of beaded channels. 1 – beads in the main channel; 2 – beads in the oxbows. I – channel ponds (cascades of ponds); II – areas with a predominance of a relatively straight unbranched channel; III – areas with a predominance of a meandering channel; IV – areas with the presence of oxbows and secondary branches, both in functioning and silting conditions (anabranching channels). The river numbers are given in accordance with Table 1.

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6. Fig. 5. Overgrowth of the channels of the Buzuluk basins – the Tishanka River, the Akishevka River and the Peskovatka River – with the distribution of beaded channels. 1 – beads in the main channel; 2 – beads in the oxbows and secondary branches. I – an open (not overgrown) riverbed; II – a completely overgrown riverbed; III – a partially overgrown riverbed. The river numbers are given in accordance with Table 1.

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7. Fig. 6. Diagrams of the distribution of channels with and without beads at different catchment areas and channel gradients: (a) – in a linear coordinate system with a drawn envelope; (б) – in a logarithmic coordinate system for comparison with the rivers of the cryolithozone. 1 – areas without beaded channels within the basin of the Buzuluk River; 2 – areas with beaded channels within the basin of the Buzuluk River; 3 – areas without beaded channels within the basins of the Tishanka, Akishevka and Peskovatka Rivers; 4 – areas with beaded channels within the basins of the Tishanka, Akishevka and Peskovatka rivers; 5 – is the upper envelope limiting the conditions for the distribution of beads; 6 – is the area showing the conditions for the distribution of beaded channels on the rivers of Alaska (Arp at al., 2015).

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8. Fig. 7. Examples of beaded channels belonging to different groups: (a) – the first group; (б) – the second group.

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