Expression of active tectonics in morphology of a river valley (an example of the Kamchatka River valley)

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The Kamchatka River is the largest river of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The area of the Kamchatka River basin makes it one of the largest that emerged above the subduction zone. The peninsula is located in a temperate maritime climate, which favors intensive fluvial processes, especially for the largest river system of the peninsula. The study of fluvial processes within the Kamchatka River basin is based mainly on the publications of the mid-XX century. Recently dated deposits and remote sensing data permits us to identify the spatial distribution of the factors affecting the Kamchatka River valley topography.

For this study, the relative elevation model and the main morphometric characteristics of the Kamchatka River - the stream gradient and the tortuosity ratio – have been calculated. Changes in the morphology of the valley and in the characteristics of its modern channel allow us to distinguish eight segments of the Kamchatka River valley. The contrast topography of the Kamchatka River valley, is caused by a non-uniform submergence of the CKD with rates exceeding those of fluvial processes.

Sobre autores

E. Zelenin

Geological Institute of the RAS

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: egorzelenin@mail.ru
Rússia, Moscow

M. Kiryakova

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: egorzelenin@mail.ru
Rússia, Moscow

E. Mukhametshina

Institute of Geography of the RAS

Email: egorzelenin@mail.ru
Rússia, Moscow

A. Zakharov

Institute of Geography of the RAS

Email: egorzelenin@mail.ru
Rússia, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of major geomorphic processes. (а) – endogenic: 1 – Late Quaternary volcanic deposits (Ponomareva et al., 2007); 2 – Holocene volcanic deposits and 3 – eruption centers (GIS “Holocene volcanism of Kamchatka”, Romanova et al., 2015); 4 –Active faults (Kozhurin, Zelenin, 2017). (б) – exogenic: 5 – rivers and watersheds (https://www.hydrosheds.org/); glaciers: 6 – modern (Lynch et al., 2016), 7 – “Phase II” of the Late Pleistocene glaciation (Braitseva et al, 1968), likely corresponding to the global Last Glacial Maximum (Barr and Solomina, 2014); 8 – maximum extent of Pleistocene glaciations (Barr and Solomina, 2014); 9 – possible boundaries of the Late Pleistocene paleolake (Ponomareva et al., 2021)

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3. Fig. 2. (а) – Relative elevation model (REM) and boundaries of the Kamchatka River valley (not shown at tributaries): 1 – fluvial boundaries; 2 – fluvial boundaries of Kamchatka River tributaries; 3 – tectonic boundaries; 4 – front of lava flows and debris avalanches. (б) – Morphometric parameters of the Kamchatka River channel: stream gradient, m/km, with regular (dH/dL) and logarithmic (log10(dH/dL)) scales, tortuosity ratio (τ). Valley segments having different morphology are labeled with lowercase letters, see the text

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4. Fig. 3. Topography of upper and middle reaches of the Kamchatka River valley. Dashed lines separate valley segments of different morphology (labeled a–f). Other symbols as in fig. 2, (а)

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5. Fig. 4. Topography of lower reaches of the Kamchatka River valley. Dashed lines separate valley segments of different morphology (labeled e–h). Other symbols as in fig. 2, (а)

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6. Fig. 5. Schematic profiles across the Kamchatka River valley (vertical scale exaggerated). Teal arrows show abandoned valleys; red lines – active faults, including inferred (dashed line); black dashed line – basement of the Central Kamchatka Depression (out of scale). Dotted, clastic infill of the CKD; hatched, volcanic rocks

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7. Fig. 6. Neotectonic scheme of the CKD: 1 – Central Kamchatka Depression; 2 – areas of intensive submergence within the CKD; 3 – bedrock inselbergs within the CKD; 4 – active grabens (Kozhurin, Zelenin, 2017); volcanic deposits (Ponomareva et al., 2007): 5 – Holocene, 6 – Late Pleistocene; 7 – active faults (а – installed (Kozhurin, Zelenin, 2017), б – inferred); 8 – valley segments. Labeled is the only site of estimated rate of extension at the eastern CKD border – 14 mm/yr (Kozhurin, Zelenin, 2017)

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