Perspectives on Iron Deficiency as a Cause of Human Disease in Global Public Health


Дәйексөз келтіру

Толық мәтін

Аннотация

Iron (Fe) is a necessary trace element in numerous pathways of human metabolism. Therefore, Fe deficiency is capable of causing multiple health problems. Apart from the well-known microcytic anemia, lack of Fe can cause severe psychomotor disorders in children, pregnant women, and adults in general. Iron deficiency is a global health issue, mainly caused by dietary deficiency but aggravated by inflammatory conditions. The challenges related to this deficiency need to be addressed on national and international levels. This review aims to summarize briefly the disease burden caused by Fe deficiency in the context of global public health and aspires to offer some hands-on guidelines.

Авторлар туралы

Geir Bjørklund

Department of Research, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM)

Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Yuliya Semenova

Department of Surgery,, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Tony Hangan

Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta

Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Joeri Pen

Department of Nutrition,, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Jan Aaseth

Research Department, Innlandet Hospital

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Massimiliano Peana

Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Әдебиет тізімі

  1. Anderson, G.J.; Frazer, D.M. Current understanding of iron homeostasis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2017, 106(Suppl. 6), 1559S-1566S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155804 PMID: 29070551
  2. Chaparro, C.M.; Suchdev, P.S. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2019, 1450(1), nyas.14092. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14092 PMID: 31008520
  3. Mattiello, V.; Schmugge, M.; Hengartner, H.; von der Weid, N.; Renella, R. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in children with or without anemia: consensus recommendations of the SPOG Pediatric Hematology Working Group. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2020, 179(4), 527-545. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03597-5 PMID: 32020331
  4. Badireddy, M.; Baradhi, K.M. Chronic Anemia; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  5. Shah, Y.M.; Matsubara, T.; Ito, S.; Yim, S.H.; Gonzalez, F.J. Intestinal hypoxia-inducible transcription factors are essential for iron absorption following iron deficiency. Cell Metab., 2009, 9(2), 152-164. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.12.012 PMID: 19147412
  6. Lewis, S.M.; Emmanuel, J.C. Iron Deficiency and Overload: From basic biology to clinical medicine; Yehuda, S.; Mostofsky, D.I., Eds.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 2010, pp. 299-312. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-462-9_17
  7. Ogun, A.S.; Adeyinka, A. Biochemistry, Transferrin; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  8. Zoroddu, M.A.; Aaseth, J.; Crisponi, G.; Medici, S.; Peana, M.; Nurchi, V.M. The essential metals for humans: a brief overview. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2019, 195, 120-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013 PMID: 30939379
  9. Gropper, S.; Smith, J.; Groff, J. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, 6th ed.; Wardsworth Cengage Learning: Belmont, CA, 2013.
  10. Imam, H.S.H.; Anwar, M.I.; Anwar, M.F.; Murtaza, M.; Sadiq, R. Role of iron supplements on pregnancy outcomes. Ann. Punjab Med. Coll., 2017, 11(4), 320-324. doi: 10.29054/APMC/17.442
  11. Domellöf, M.; Braegger, C.; Campoy, C.; Colomb, V.; Decsi, T.; Fewtrell, M.; Hojsak, I.; Mihatsch, W.; Molgaard, C.; Shamir, R.; Turck, D.; van Goudoever, J. Iron requirements of infants and toddlers. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 2014, 58(1), 119-129. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000206 PMID: 24135983
  12. Naoum, F.A. Iron deficiency in cancer patients. Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter., 2016, 38(4), 325-330. doi: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.05.009 PMID: 27863761
  13. Rodgers, G.M., III; Becker, P.S.; Blinder, M.; Cella, D.; Chanan-Khan, A.; Cleeland, C.; Coccia, P.F.; Djulbegovic, B.; Gilreath, J.A.; Kraut, E.H.; Matulonis, U.A.; Millenson, M.M.; Reinke, D.; Rosenthal, J.; Schwartz, R.N.; Soff, G.; Stein, R.S.; Vlahovic, G.; Weir, A.B., III Cancer- and chemotherapy-induced anemia. J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw., 2012, 10(5), 628-653. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2012.0064 PMID: 22570293
  14. Gelaw, Y.; Getaneh, Z.; Melku, M. Anemia as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Prev. Med., 2021, 26(1), 13. doi: 10.1186/s12199-020-00931-z PMID: 33485299
  15. Nairz, M.; Weiss, G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol. Aspects Med., 2020, 75, 100864. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864 PMID: 32461004
  16. Cohen-Solal, A.; Damy, T.; Terbah, M.; Kerebel, S.; Baguet, J.P.; Hanon, O.; Zannad, F.; Laperche, T.; Leclercq, C.; Concas, V.; Duvillié, L.; Darné, B.; Anker, S.; Mebazaa, A. High prevalence of iron deficiency in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2014, 16(9), 984-991. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.139 PMID: 25065368
  17. Yancy, C.W.; Jessup, M.; Bozkurt, B.; Butler, J.; Casey, D.E., Jr; Colvin, M.M.; Drazner, M.H.; Filippatos, G.S.; Fonarow, G.C.; Givertz, M.M.; Hollenberg, S.M.; Lindenfeld, J.; Masoudi, F.A.; McBride, P.E.; Peterson, P.N.; Stevenson, L.W.; Westlake, C. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2017, 70(6), 776-803. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025 PMID: 28461007
  18. Batchelor, E.K.; Kapitsinou, P.; Pergola, P.E.; Kovesdy, C.P.; Jalal, D.I. Iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease: updates on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2020, 31(3), 456-468. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2019020213 PMID: 32041774
  19. Pasricha, S.R.; Tye-Din, J.; Muckenthaler, M.U.; Swinkels, D.W. Iron deficiency. Lancet, 2021, 397(10270), 233-248. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32594-0 PMID: 33285139
  20. Abboud, S.; Haile, D.J. A novel mammalian iron-regulated protein involved in intracellular iron metabolism. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(26), 19906-19912. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M000713200
  21. Wallace, D.F. The regulation of iron absorption and homeostasis. Clin. Biochem. Rev, 2016, 37(2), 51-62.
  22. Ems, T.; St Lucia, K.; Huecker. Dietary Iron; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  23. Ito, H.; Kurokawa, H.; Matsui, H. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and heme, non-heme iron metabolism. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2021, 700, 108695. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108695 PMID: 33232715
  24. Feizollahi, E.; Mirmahdi, R.S.; Zoghi, A.; Zijlstra, R.T.; Roopesh, M.S.; Vasanthan, T. Review of the beneficial and anti-nutritional qualities of phytic acid, and procedures for removing it from food products. Food Res. Int., 2021, 143, 110284. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110284 PMID: 33992384
  25. Porter, J.L.; Rawla, P. Hemochromatosis; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  26. Lang, F.; Qadri, S.M. Mechanisms and significance of eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes. Blood Purif., 2012, 33(1-3), 125-130. doi: 10.1159/000334163 PMID: 22269222
  27. Abbasi, U.; Abbina, S.; Gill, A.; Takuechi, L.E.; Kizhakkedathu, J.N. Role of iron in the molecular pathogenesis of diseases and therapeutic opportunities. ACS Chem. Biol., 2021, 16(6), 945-972. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00122 PMID: 34102834
  28. Liu, Q.; Wu, J.; Zhang, X.; Wu, X.; Zhao, Y.; Ren, J. Iron homeostasis and disorders revisited in the sepsis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2021, 165, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.025 PMID: 33486088
  29. Buck, E.; Finnigan, N.A. Malaria; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  30. Galaris, D.; Barbouti, A.; Pantopoulos, K. Iron homeostasis and oxidative stress: An intimate relationship. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 2019, 1866(12), 118535. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118535 PMID: 31446062
  31. Imam, M.; Zhang, S.; Ma, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, F. Antioxidants mediate both iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. Nutrients, 2017, 9(7), 671. doi: 10.3390/nu9070671 PMID: 28657578
  32. Warner, M.J.; Kamran, M.T. Iron Deficiency Anemia; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  33. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Micronutrient Deficiencies In: Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies: Tools for Policymakers and Public Health Workers; Howson, C.P.; Kennedy, E.T.; Horwitz, A., Eds.; Washington (DC), 1998. doi: 10.17226/5962
  34. Ghodeif, A.O.; Jain, H. Hookworm; StatPearls: Treasure Island (FL), 2022.
  35. Salam, R.A.; Das, J.K.; Bhutta, Z.A. Effect of mass deworming with antihelminthics for soil-transmitted helminths during pregnancy. Cochrane Libr., 2021, 2021(5), CD005547. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005547.pub4 PMID: 33998661
  36. DeVos, E.; Dunn, N. Malaria Prophylaxis; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  37. Gahagan, S.; Delker, E.; Blanco, E.; Burrows, R.; Lozoff, B. Randomized controlled trial of iron-fortified versus low-iron infant formula: developmental outcomes at 16 years. J. Pediatr., 2019, 212, 124-130.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.030 PMID: 31253407
  38. Rose, E. Pediatric fever. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am., 2021, 39(3), 627-639. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.04.011 PMID: 34215406
  39. Turner, J.; Parsi, M.; Badireddy, M. Normochromic Normocytic Anemia; In StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  40. Petry, N.; Olofin, I.; Hurrell, R.; Boy, E.; Wirth, J.; Moursi, M.; Donahue Angel, M.; Rohner, F. The proportion of anemia associated with iron deficiency in low, medium, and high human development index countries: A systematic analysis of national surveys. Nutrients, 2016, 8(11), 693. doi: 10.3390/nu8110693 PMID: 27827838
  41. Omena, J.; Curioni, C.; Cople-Rodrigues, C.S.; Citelli, M. The effect of food and nutrients on iron overload: what do we know so far? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 2021, 75(12), 1771-1780. doi: 10.1038/s41430-021-00887-5 PMID: 33712721
  42. Ojukwu, J.U.; Okebe, J.U.; Yahav, D.; Paul, M. Oral iron supplementation for preventing or treating anaemia among children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2009, (3), CD006589. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006589.pub2 PMID: 19588399
  43. Okebe, J.U.; Yahav, D.; Shbita, R.; Paul, M. Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2011, (10), CD006589. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006589.pub3 PMID: 21975754
  44. Neuberger, A.; Okebe, J.; Yahav, D.; Paul, M. Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Libr., 2016, 2016(2), CD006589. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006589.pub4 PMID: 26921618
  45. Cantor, A.G.; Bougatsos, C.; Dana, T.; Blazina, I.; McDonagh, M. Routine iron supplementation and screening for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med., 2015, 162(8), 566-576. doi: 10.7326/M14-2932
  46. Pasricha, S.R; Drakesmith, H.; Black, J.; Hipgrave, D.; Biggs, B.A. Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries. Blood, 2013, 121(14), 2607-2617.
  47. Muthayya, S.; Rah, J.H.; Sugimoto, J.D.; Roos, F.F.; Kraemer, K.; Black, R.E. The global hidden hunger indices and maps: an advocacy tool for action. PLoS One, 2013, 8(6), e67860. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067860 PMID: 23776712
  48. Sachdev, H.P.S.; Gera, T. Preventing childhood anemia in India: iron supplementation and beyond. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 2013, 67(5), 475-480. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.212 PMID: 23388662
  49. Swaminathan, S.; Edward, B.S.; Kurpad, A.V. Micronutrient deficiency and cognitive and physical performance in Indian children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 2013, 67(5), 467-474. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.14 PMID: 23403875
  50. Beard, J.L. Why iron deficiency is important in infant development. J. Nutr., 2008, 138(12), 2534-2536. doi: 10.1093/jn/138.12.2534 PMID: 19022985
  51. Peirano, P.D.; Algarín, C.R.; Chamorro, R.; Reyes, S.; Garrido, M.I.; Duran, S.; Lozoff, B. Sleep and neurofunctions throughout child development: lasting effects of early iron deficiency. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 2009, 48(Suppl. 1), S8-S15. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31819773b PMID: 19214058
  52. Youdim, M.B.H. Brain iron deficiency and excess; cognitive impairment and neurodegenration with involvement of striatum and hippocampus. Neurotox. Res., 2008, 14(1), 45-56. doi: 10.1007/BF03033574 PMID: 18790724
  53. Baumgartner, J.; Smuts, C.M.; Malan, L.; Kvalsvig, J.; van Stuijvenberg, M.E.; Hurrell, R.F.; Zimmermann, M.B. Effects of iron and n-3 fatty acid supplementation, alone and in combination, on cognition in school children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention in South Africa. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2012, 96(6), 1327-1338. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.041004 PMID: 23097272
  54. Prentice, A.M.; Mendoza, Y.A.; Pereira, D.; Cerami, C.; Wegmuller, R.; Constable, A.; Spieldenner, J. Dietary strategies for improving iron status: balancing safety and efficacy. Nutr. Rev., 2017, 75(1), 49-60. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw055 PMID: 27974599
  55. Zou, C.; Du, Y.; Rashid, A.; Ram, H.; Savasli, E.; Pieterse, P.J.; Ortiz-Monasterio, I.; Yazici, A.; Kaur, C.; Mahmood, K.; Singh, S.; Le Roux, M.R.; Kuang, W.; Onder, O.; Kalayci, M.; Cakmak, I. Simultaneous biofortification of wheat with zinc, iodine, selenium, and iron through foliar treatment of a micronutrient cocktail in six countries. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2019, 67(29), 8096-8106. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01829 PMID: 31260296
  56. Berglund, S.K.; Domellöf, M. Iron deficiency in infancy: Current insights. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2021, 24(3), 240-245. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000749 PMID: 33656466
  57. Abuga, K.M.; Jones-Warner, W.; Hafalla, J.C.R. Immune responses to malaria pre-erythrocytic stages: Implications for vaccine development. Parasite Immunol., 2021, 43(2), e12795. doi: 10.1111/pim.12795 PMID: 32981095
  58. Keats, E.C.; Charbonneau, K.D.; Das, J.K.; Bhutta, Z.A. Large-scale food fortification has great potential to improve child health and nutrition. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2021, 24(3), 271-275. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000745 PMID: 33631771
  59. El-Mallah, C.A.; Beyh, Y.S.; Obeid, O.A. Iron fortification and supplementation: Fighting anemia of chronic diseases or fueling obesity? Curr. Dev. Nutr., 2021, 5(4), nzab032. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzab032 PMID: 33959691
  60. Trivedi, R.; Barve, K. Delivery systems for improving iron uptake in anemia. Int. J. Pharm., 2021, 601, 120590. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120590 PMID: 33845149
  61. Field, M.S.; Mithra, P.; Peña-Rosas, J.P. Wheat flour fortification with iron and other micronutrients for reducing anaemia and improving iron status in populations. Cochrane Libr., 2021, 2021(1), CD011302. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011302.pub3 PMID: 33461239
  62. Hertrampf, E.; Olivares, M. Iron amino acid chelates. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 2004, 74(6), 435-443. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.435 PMID: 15743019
  63. Walter, T.; Hertrampf, E.; Pizarro, F.; Olivares, M.; Llaguno, S.; Letelier, A.; Vega, V.; Stekel, A. Effect of bovine-hemoglobin-fortified cookies on iron status of schoolchildren: a nationwide program in Chile. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1993, 57(2), 190-194. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/57.2.190 PMID: 8424387
  64. Kawakami, Y.; Bhullar, N.K. Molecular processes in iron and zinc homeostasis and their modulation for biofortification in rice. J. Integr. Plant Biol., 2018, 60(12), 1181-1198. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12751 PMID: 30468300
  65. Diego Quintaes, K.; Barberá, R.; Cilla, A. Iron bioavailability in iron-fortified cereal foods: The contribution of in vitro studies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2017, 57(10), 2028-2041. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.866543 PMID: 25830598
  66. Olivares, M.; Walter, T.; Hertrampf, E.; Pizarro, F.; Stekel, A. Prevention of iron deficiency by milk fortification. The Chilean experience. Acta Paediatr., 1989, 78, 109-113. doi: 10.1111/apa.1989.78.s361.109 PMID: 2485578
  67. Martorell, R.; de Romaña, D.L. Components of successful staple food fortification programs: Lessons from Latin America. Food Nutr. Bull., 2017, 38(3), 384-404. doi: 10.1177/0379572117707890 PMID: 28490239
  68. Lachowicz, J.I.; Nurchi, V.M.; Fanni, D.; Gerosa, C.; Peana, M.; Zoroddu, M.A. Nutritional iron deficiency: the role of oral iron supplementation. Curr. Med. Chem., 2014, 21(33), 3775-3784. doi: 10.2174/0929867321666140706143925 PMID: 25005180
  69. Nguyen, M.; Tadi, P. Acute Stroke; In Stat Pearls: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
  70. Tolkien, Z.; Stecher, L.; Mander, A.P.; Pereira, D.I.; Powell, J.J. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2015, 10(2), e0117383. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117383
  71. Sen, A.; Kanani, S. Intermittent iron folate supplementation: impact on hematinic status and growth of school girls. ISRN Hematol, 2012, 2012, 482153. doi: 10.5402/2012/482153
  72. Ahmed, F.; Khan, M.R.; Akhtaruzzaman, M.; Karim, R.; Williams, G.; Banu, C.P.; Nahar, B.; Darnton-Hill, I. Effect of long-term intermittent supplementation with multiple micronutrients compared with iron-and-folic acid supplementation on Hb and micronutrient status of non-anaemic adolescent schoolgirls in rural Bangladesh. Br J Nutr, 2012, 108(8), 1484-1493. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511006908
  73. Bothwell, T.H. Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2000, 72(1), 257S-264S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.1.257S PMID: 10871591
  74. Ford, F.A.; Mouratidou, T.; Wademan, S.E.; Fraser, R.B. Effect of the introduction of 'Healthy Start' on dietary behaviour during and after pregnancy: early results from the 'before and after' Sheffield study. Br. J. Nutr., 2009, 101(12), 1828-1836.
  75. Caspersen, I.H.; Iglesias-Vazquez, L.; Abel, M.H.; Brantsaeter, A.L.; Arija, V.; Erlund, I.; Meltzer, H.M. Iron status in mid-pregnancy and associations with interpregnancy interval, hormonal contraceptives, dietary factors and supplement use. Br. J. Nutr., 2021, 126(8), 1270-1280. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521000295
  76. Casgrain, A.; Collings, R.; Harvey, L.J.; Hooper, L.; Fairweather-Tait, S.J. Effect of iron intake on iron status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2012, 96(4), 768-780. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040626 PMID: 22932280
  77. Gera, T.; Sachdev, H.S.; Boy, E. Effect of iron-fortified foods on hematologic and biological outcomes: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2012, 96(2), 309-324. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.031500 PMID: 22760566
  78. Muñoz, M.; Gómez-Ramírez, S.; Bhandari, S. The safety of available treatment options for iron-deficiency anemia. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2018, 17(2), 149-159. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1400009 PMID: 29103332
  79. Powers, J.M.; Buchanan, G.R. Disorders of iron metabolism. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am., 2019, 33(3), 393-408. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.01.006 PMID: 31030809
  80. Avni, T.; Bieber, A.; Grossman, A.; Green, H.; Leibovici, L.; Gafter-Gvili, A. The safety of intravenous iron preparations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc., 2015, 90(1), 12-23. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.10.007 PMID: 25572192
  81. Clevenger, B.; Gurusamy, K.; Klein, A.A.; Murphy, G.J.; Anker, S.D.; Richards, T. Systematic review and meta-analysis of iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease: Updated and abridged Cochrane review. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2016, 18(7), 774-785. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.514 PMID: 27121474
  82. Shrimpton, R.; Schultink, W.; Schultink, W. Can supplements help meet the micronutrient needs of the developing world? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2002, 61(2), 223-229. doi: 10.1079/PNS2002163 PMID: 12133204
  83. Means, R.T. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia: Implications and impact in pregnancy, fetal development, and early childhood parameters. Nutrients, 2020, 12(2), 447. doi: 10.3390/nu12020447 PMID: 32053933
  84. Ogawa, C.; Tsuchiya, K.; Maeda, K. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2020, 504, 138-145. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.032 PMID: 32014518
  85. Porter, J.B. Iron through the prism of haematology. Br. J. Haematol., 2020, 191(4), 587-592. doi: 10.1111/bjh.17164 PMID: 33190267
  86. Barffour, M.A.; Hinnouho, G.M.; Kounnavong, S.; Wessells, K.R.; Ratsavong, K.; Bounheuang, B.; Chanhthavong, B.; Sitthideth, D.; Sengnam, K.; Arnold, C.D.; Brown, K.H.; Hess, S.Y. Effects of daily zinc, daily multiple micronutrient powder, or therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea prevention on physical growth, anemia, and micronutrient status in rural laotian children: A randomized controlled trial. J. Pediatr., 2019, 207, 80-89.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.022 PMID: 30580974
  87. Nguyen, P.H.; Young, M.; Gonzalez-Casanova, I.; Pham, H.Q.; Nguyen, H.; Truong, T.V.; Nguyen, S.V.; Harding, K.B.; Reinhart, G.A.; Martorell, R.; Ramakrishnan, U. Impact of preconception micronutrient supplementation on anemia and iron status during pregnancy and postpartum: A randomized controlled trial in rural Vietnam. PLoS One, 2016, 11(12), e0167416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167416 PMID: 27918586
  88. Jáuregui-Lobera, I. Iron deficiency and cognitive functions. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2014, 10, 2087-2095. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S72491 PMID: 25419131
  89. World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline:Fortification of Maize Flour and Corn Meal with Vitamins and Minerals; Geneva, 2016.

Қосымша файлдар

Қосымша файлдар
Әрекет
1. JATS XML

© Bentham Science Publishers, 2024