The Effect of Statins on the Differentiation and Function of Central Nervous System Cells


如何引用文章

全文:

详细

Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors) reduce plasma cholesterol and improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The effect of statins on the central nervous system (CNS), particularly on cognition and neurological disorders such as cerebral ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has received increasing attention in recent years, both within the scientific community and in the media. This review aims to provide an updated discussion on the effects of statins on the differentiation and function of various nervous system cells, including neurons and glial cells. Additionally, the mechanisms of action and how different types of statins enter the CNS will be discussed.

作者简介

Sajjad Chamani

MMedical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS)

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Leila Mobasheri

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Shadi Zerehpoosh

Department of medical biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ali Naghizadeh

Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS)

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Alice McCloskey

School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Manfredi Rizzo

Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Palermo

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Tannaz Jamialahmadi

Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Amirhossein Sahebkar

Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

参考

  1. Saku, K.; Zhang, B.; Noda, K. Randomized head-to-head comparison of pitavastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin for safety and efficacy (quantity and quality of LDL): the PATROL trial. Circ. J., 2011, 75(6), 1493-1505. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1281 PMID: 21498906
  2. Meor Anuar Shuhaili, M.F.R.; Samsudin, I.N.; Stanslas, J.; Hasan, S.; Thambiah, S.C. Effects of different types of statins on lipid profile: A perspective on Asians. Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2017, e43319. doi: 10.5812/ijem.43319 PMID: 28848611
  3. Welty, F.K.; Lewis, S.J.; Friday, K.E.; Cain, V.A.; Anzalone, D.A. A comparison of statin therapies in hypercholesterolemia in women: A subgroup analysis of the STELLAR study. J. Womens Health (Larchmt.), 2016, 25(1), 50-56. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5271 PMID: 26539650
  4. Taylor, F.; Huffman, M.D.; Macedo, A.F.; Moore, T.H.; Burke, M.; Davey Smith, G.; Ward, K.; Ebrahim, S. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2013, 2013(1), CD004816. PMID: 23440795
  5. Saeedi Saravi, S.S.; Saeedi Saravi, S.S.; Arefidoust, A.; Dehpour, A.R. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab. Brain Dis., 2017, 32(4), 949-965. doi: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5 PMID: 28578514
  6. Bahrami, A.; Parsamanesh, N.; Atkin, S.L.; Banach, M.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of statins on toll-like receptors: A new insight to pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol. Res., 2018, 135, 230-238. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.014 PMID: 30120976
  7. Ferretti, G.; Bacchetti, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of statin therapy on paraoxonase-1 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 clinical trials. Prog. Lipid Res., 2015, 60, 50-73. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.003 PMID: 26416579
  8. Khalifeh, M.; Penson, P.; Banach, M.; Sahebkar, A. Statins as anti-pyroptotic agents. Arch. Med. Sci., 2021, 17(5), 1414-1417. doi: 10.5114/aoms/141155 PMID: 34522271
  9. Kouhpeikar, H.; Delbari, Z.; Sathyapalan, T.; Simental-Mendía, L.E.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. The effect of statins through mast cells in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: A review. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2020, 22(5), 19. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-00837-9 PMID: 32458165
  10. Parizadeh, S.M.R.; Azarpazhooh, M.R.; Moohebati, M.; Nematy, M.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Tavallaie, S.; Rahsepar, A.A.; Amini, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Ferns, G.A.A. Simvastatin therapy reduces prooxidant-antioxidant balance: Results of a placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lipids, 2011, 46(4), 333-340. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3517-x PMID: 21207250
  11. Shakour, N.; Ruscica, M.; Hadizadeh, F.; Cirtori, C.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statins and C-reactive protein: In silico evidence on direct interaction. Arch. Med. Sci., 2020, 16(6), 1432-1439. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2020.100304 PMID: 33224343
  12. Sahebkar, A.; Chew, G.T.; Watts, G.F. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia. Prog. Lipid Res., 2014, 56, 47-66. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.002 PMID: 25083925
  13. Lashgari N.A., Roudsari N.M., Zadeh S.S.T., Momtaz S., Abbasifard M., Reiner Ž., Abdolghaffari A.H., Sahebkar A. Statins block mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: a possible novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory, malignant and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 2023 Feb;31(1):57-75. doi: 10.1007/ s10787-022-01077-w. Epub 2022 Dec 27. PMID: 36574095; PMCID: PMC9792946.
  14. Bland, A.R.; Payne, F.M.; Ashton, J.C.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. The cardioprotective actions of statins in targeting mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol. Res., 2022, 175, 105986. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105986 PMID: 34800627
  15. Chruściel, P.; Sahebkar, A.; Rembek-Wieliczko, M.; Serban, M.C.; Ursoniu, S.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Jones, S.R.; Mosteoru, S.; Blaha, M.J.; Martin, S.S.; Rysz, J.; Toth, P.P.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Pencina, M.J.; Ray, K.K.; Banach, M. Impact of statin therapy on plasma adiponectin concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 randomized controlled trial arms. Atherosclerosis, 2016, 253, 194-208. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.897 PMID: 27498397
  16. Dehnavi, S.; Kiani, A.; Sadeghi, M.; Biregani, A.F.; Banach, M.; Atkin, S.L.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Targeting AMPK by statins: A potential therapeutic approach. Drugs, 2021, 81(8), 923-933. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01510-4 PMID: 33939118
  17. Gorabi, A.M.; Kiaie, N.; Bianconi, V.; Pirro, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statins attenuate fibrotic manifestations of cardiac tissue damage. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol., 2021, 14(5), 782-797. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210210123206 PMID: 33568040
  18. Sahebkar, A.; Kotani, K.; Serban, C.; Ursoniu, S.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Jones, S.R.; Ray, K.K.; Blaha, M.J.; Rysz, J.; Toth, P.P.; Muntner, P.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Banach, M. Statin therapy reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentrations: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis, 2015, 241(2), 433-442. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.022 PMID: 26074317
  19. Sahebkar, A.; Serban, C.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Undas, A.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Muntner, P.; Bittner, V.; Ray, K.K.; Watts, G.F.; Hovingh, G.K.; Rysz, J.; Kastelein, J.J.; Banach, M. Association between statin use and plasma D-dimer levels. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb. Haemost., 2015, 114(3), 546-557. PMID: 26017749
  20. Serban, C.; Sahebkar, A.; Ursoniu, S.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Rizzo, M.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Kees Hovingh, G.; Kastelein, J.J.P.; Kalinowski, L.; Rysz, J.; Banach, M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5(1), 9902. doi: 10.1038/srep09902 PMID: 25970700
  21. Sohrevardi, S.; Nasab, F.; Mirjalili, M.; Bagherniya, M.; Tafti, A.; Jarrahzadeh, M.; Azarpazhooh, M.; Saeidmanesh, M.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Med. Sci., 2019, 17(5), 1423-1428. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89330 PMID: 34522273
  22. Koushki K, Shahbaz SK, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Zayeri ZD, Taba MY, Banach M, Al-Rasadi K, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Anti-inflammatory action of statins in cardiovascular disease: the role of inflammasome and toll-like receptor pathways. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol.2021 Apr; 60(2):175-199. doi: 10.1007/s12016-020-08791-9. PMID: 32378144; PMCID: PMC7985098.
  23. (a) ) Bahrami, A.; Bo, S.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on ageing: Molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res. Rev., 2020, 58, 101024. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101024 PMID: 32006687 (b) Ward NC, Watts GF, Eckel RH. Statin toxicity. Circ Res., 2019 Jan 18; 124(2), 328-350 doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312782 PMID: 30653440 (c) Attardo S, Musumeci O, Velardo D, Toscano A. Statins neuromuscular adverse effects. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jul 28; 23(15):8364. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158364. PMID: 35955495; PMCID: PMC936917 (d) Banach, M.; Serban, C.; Ursoniu, S.; Rysz, J.; Muntner, P.; Toth, P.P.; Jones, S.R.; Rizzo, M.; Glasser, S.P.; Watts, G.F.; Blumenthal, R.S.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Sahebkar, A. Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations-a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo controlled trials. Pharmacol. Res., 2015, 99, 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.008 PMID: 26192349
  24. Zhang, Q.; Dong, J.; Yu, Z. Pleiotropic use of Statins as non-lipid-lowering drugs. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 2020, 16(14), 2704-2711. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.42965 PMID: 33110390
  25. Gorabi, A.M.; Kiaie, N.; Hajighasemi, S.; Banach, M.; Penson, P.E.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statin-induced nitric oxide signaling: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. J. Clin. Med., 2019, 8(12), 2051. doi: 10.3390/jcm8122051 PMID: 31766595
  26. Zhou, J.; Cheng, M.; Liao, Y.H.; Hu, Y.; Wu, M.; Wang, Q.; Qin, B.; Wang, H.; Zhu, Y.; Gao, X.M.; Goukassian, D.; Zhao, T.C.; Tang, Y.L.; Kishore, R.; Qin, G. Rosuvastatin enhances angiogenesis via eNOS-dependent mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One, 2013, 8(5), e63126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063126 PMID: 23704894
  27. Bonetti, P.; Lerman, L.O.; Napoli, C.; Lerman, A. Statin effects beyond lipid lowering-are they clinically relevant? Eur. Heart J., 2003, 24(3), 225-248. doi: 10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00419-0 PMID: 12590901
  28. Liao, J.K.; Laufs, U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2005, 45(1), 89-118. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095748 PMID: 15822172
  29. Sadowitz, B.; Maier, K.G.; Gahtan, V. Basic science review: Statin therapy-Part I: The pleiotropic effects of statins in cardiovascular disease. Vasc. Endovascular Surg., 2010, 44(4), 241-251. doi: 10.1177/1538574410362922 PMID: 20403949
  30. Zhou, Q.; Liao, J.K. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Basic research and clinical perspectives -. Circ. J., 2010, 74(5), 818-826. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0110 PMID: 20424337
  31. Climent, E.; Benaiges, D.; Pedro-Botet, J. Hydrophilic or lipophilic statins? Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 2021, 8, 687585. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687585 PMID: 34095267
  32. Kim, M.C.; Ahn, Y.; Jang, S.Y.; Cho, K.H.; Hwang, S.H.; Lee, M.G.; Ko, J.S.; Park, K.H.; Sim, D.S.; Yoon, N.S.; Yoon, H.J.; Kim, K.H.; Hong, Y.J.; Park, H.W.; Kim, J.H.; Jeong, M.H.; Cho, J.G.; Park, J.C.; Kang, J.C. Comparison of clinical outcomes of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Korean J. Intern. Med. (Korean. Assoc. Intern. Med.), 2011, 26(3), 294-303. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2011.26.3.294 PMID: 22016590
  33. Bonsu, K.O.; Kadirvelu, A.; Reidpath, D.D. Lipophilic versus hydrophilic statin therapy for heart failure: a protocol for an adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis. Syst. Rev., 2013, 2(1), 22. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-2-22 PMID: 23618535
  34. Hopkins, WGLD rowth and Differentiation of the Nervous System. Anim Sci., 2018.
  35. Wood, W.G.; Eckert, G.P.; Igbavboa, U.; Müller, W.E. Statins and neuroprotection. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2010, 1199(1), 69-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05359.x PMID: 20633110
  36. Lütjohann, D.; Stroick, M.; Bertsch, T.; Kühl, S.; Lindenthal, B.; Thelen, K.; Andersson, U.; Björkhem, I.; Bergmann, K.; Fassbender, K. High doses of simvastatin, pravastatin, and cholesterol reduce brain cholesterol synthesis in guinea pigs. Steroids, 2004, 69(6), 431-438. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.03.012 PMID: 15219793
  37. Johnson-Anuna, L.N.; Eckert, G.P.; Keller, J.H.; Igbavboa, U.; Franke, C.; Fechner, T.; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.; Karas, M.; Müller, W.E.; Wood, W.G. Chronic administration of statins alters multiple gene expression patterns in mouse cerebral cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2005, 312(2), 786-793. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.075028 PMID: 15358814
  38. Puglielli, L.; Tanzi, R.E.; Kovacs, D.M. Alzheimer’s disease: The cholesterol connection. Nat. Neurosci., 2003, 6(4), 345-351. doi: 10.1038/nn0403-345 PMID: 12658281
  39. Menge, T.; Hartung, H.P.; Stüve, O. Statins-a cure-all for the brain? Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2005, 6(4), 325-331. doi: 10.1038/nrn1652 PMID: 15803163
  40. Amarenco, P.; Tonkin, A.M. Statins for stroke prevention: Disappointment and hope. Circulation, 2004, 109(23_suppl_1)(Suppl. 1), III44-III49. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131518.25959.8F PMID: 15198966
  41. Briel, M.; Studer, M.; Glass, T.R.; Bucher, H.C. Effects of statins on stroke prevention in patients with and without coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Med., 2004, 117(8), 596-606. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.022 PMID: 15465509
  42. Sever, P.S.; Dahlöf, B.; Poulter, N.R.; Wedel, H.; Beevers, G.; Caulfield, M.; Collins, R.; Kjeldsen, S.E.; Kristinsson, A.; McInnes, G.T.; Mehlsen, J.; Nieminen, M.; O’Brien, E.; Östergren, J. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2003, 361(9364), 1149-1158. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0 PMID: 12686036
  43. Corder, E.H.; Saunders, A.M.; Strittmatter, W.J.; Schmechel, D.E.; Gaskell, P.C.; Small, G.W.; Roses, A.D.; Haines, J.L.; Pericak-Vance, M.A. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science, 1993, 261(5123), 921-923. doi: 10.1126/science.8346443 PMID: 8346443
  44. Miserez, AR Alzheimer dementia-a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism?. Praxis (Bern 1994)., 2001, 90(31-32), 1297-9.
  45. Geifman, N.; Brinton, R.D.; Kennedy, R.E.; Schneider, L.S.; Butte, A.J. Evidence for benefit of statins to modify cognitive decline and risk in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther., 2017, 9(1), 10. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0237-y PMID: 28212683
  46. Huang, C-N.; Li, H-H.; Lin, C-L. Neuroprotective effects of statins against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity. Neural Regen. Res., 2018, 13(2), 198-206. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.226379 PMID: 29557360
  47. Griffin, J.M.; Kho, D.; Graham, E.S.; Nicholson, L.F.B.; O’Carroll, S.J. Statins inhibit fibrillary β-amyloid induced inflammation in a model of the human blood brain barrier. PLoS One, 2016, 11(6), e0157483. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157483 PMID: 27309956
  48. Vollmer, T.; Key, L.; Durkalski, V.; Tyor, W.; Corboy, J.; Markovic-Plese, S.; Preiningerova, J.; Rizzo, M.; Singh, I. Oral simvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 2004, 363(9421), 1607-1608. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16205-3 PMID: 15145635
  49. Domoki, F.; Kis, B.; Gáspár, T.; Snipes, J.A.; Bari, F.; Busija, D.W. Rosuvastatin induces delayed preconditioning against l-glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Neurochem. Int., 2010, 56(3), 404-409. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.11.013 PMID: 19931334
  50. Fairless, R.; Bading, H.; Diem, R. Pathophysiological ionotropic glutamate signalling in neuroinflammatory disease as a therapeutic target. Front. Neurosci., 2021, 15, 741280. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.741280 PMID: 34744612
  51. Carson, R.A.; Rudine, A.C.; Tally, S.J.; Franks, A.L.; Frahm, K.A.; Waldman, J.K.; Silswal, N.; Burale, S.; Phan, J.V.; Chandran, U.R.; Monaghan, A.P.; DeFranco, D.B. Statins impact primary embryonic mouse neural stem cell survival, cell death, and fate through distinct mechanisms. PLoS One, 2018, 13(5), e0196387. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196387 PMID: 29738536
  52. Pavlov, O.V.; Bobryshev, Y.V.; Balabanov, Y.V.; Ashwell, K. An in vitro study of the effects of lovastatin on human fetal brain cells. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 1995, 17(1), 31-39. doi: 10.1016/0892-0362(95)91641-W PMID: 7708017
  53. Mauch, D.H.; Nägler, K.; Schumacher, S.; Göritz, C.; Müller, E.C.; Otto, A.; Pfrieger, F.W. CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol. Science, 2001, 294(5545), 1354-1357. doi: 10.1126/science.294.5545.1354 PMID: 11701931
  54. Jeppesen, U.; Gaist, D.; Smith, T.; Sindrup, S. Statins and peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol., 1999, 54(11), 835-8. doi: 10.1007/s002280050562
  55. Gaist, D.; Jeppesen, U.; Andersen, M.; García Rodríguez, L.A.; Hallas, J.; Sindrup, S.H. Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: A case-control study. Neurology, 2002, 58(9), 1333-1337. doi: 10.1212/WNL.58.9.1333 PMID: 12011277
  56. Muldoon, M.F.; Manuck, S.B.; Mendelsohn, A.B.; Kaplan, J.R.; Belle, S.H. Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: Meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ, 2001, 322(7277), 11-15. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7277.11 PMID: 11141142
  57. Wagstaff, L.R.; Mitton, M.W.; Arvik, B.M.; Doraiswamy, P.M. Statin-associated memory loss: Analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy, 2003, 23(7), 871-880. doi: 10.1592/phco.23.7.871.32720 PMID: 12885101
  58. Kotti, T.J.; Ramirez, D.M.O.; Pfeiffer, B.E.; Huber, K.M.; Russell, D.W. Brain cholesterol turnover required for geranylgeraniol production and learning in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(10), 3869-3874. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0600316103 PMID: 16505352
  59. März, P.; Otten, U.; Miserez, A.R. Statins induce differentiation and cell death in neurons and astroglia. Glia, 2007, 55(1), 1-12. doi: 10.1002/glia.20422 PMID: 16998865
  60. Murinson, B.B.; Haughey, N.J.; Maragakis, N.J. Selected statins produce rapid spinal motor neuron loss in vitro. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 2012, 13(1), 100. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-100 PMID: 22703530
  61. Kiernan, M.C.; Vucic, S.; Cheah, B.C.; Turner, M.R.; Eisen, A.; Hardiman, O.; Burrell, J.R.; Zoing, M.C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet, 2011, 377(9769), 942-955. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61156-7 PMID: 21296405
  62. Golomb, B.A.; Verden, A.; Messner, A.K.; Koslik, H.J.; Hoffman, K.B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with statin use: A disproportionality analysis of the FDA’s adverse event reporting system. Drug Saf., 2018, 41(4), 403-413. doi: 10.1007/s40264-017-0620-4 PMID: 29427042
  63. Sørensen, H.T.; Riis, A.H.; Lash, T.L.; Pedersen, L. Statin use and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes, 2010, 3(4), 413-417. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.936278 PMID: 20530788
  64. Freedman, D.M.; Kuncl, R.W.; Cahoon, E.K.; Rivera, D.R.; Pfeiffer, R.M. Relationship of statins and other cholesterol-lowering medications and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the US elderly. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener., 2018, 19(7-8), 538-546. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1511731 PMID: 31112080
  65. Yang, Z.; Wang, K.K.W. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: From intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker. Trends Neurosci., 2015, 38(6), 364-374. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.003 PMID: 25975510
  66. Pfrieger, F.W. Outsourcing in the brain: Do neurons depend on cholesterol delivery by astrocytes? BioEssays, 2003, 25(1), 72-78. doi: 10.1002/bies.10195 PMID: 12508285
  67. Dong, W.; Vuletic, S.; Albers, J.J. Differential effects of simvastatin and pravastatin on expression of Alzheimer’s disease-related genes in human astrocytes and neuronal cells. J. Lipid Res., 2009, 50(10), 2095-2102. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M900236-JLR200 PMID: 19461118
  68. Wahrle, S.E.; Jiang, H.; Parsadanian, M.; Legleiter, J.; Han, X.; Fryer, J.D.; Kowalewski, T.; Holtzman, D.M. ABCA1 is required for normal central nervous system ApoE levels and for lipidation of astrocyte-secreted apoE. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(39), 40987-40993. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M407963200 PMID: 15269217
  69. Hirsch-Reinshagen, V.; Zhou, S.; Burgess, B.L.; Bernier, L.; McIsaac, S.A.; Chan, J.Y.; Tansley, G.H.; Cohn, J.S.; Hayden, M.R.; Wellington, C.L. Deficiency of ABCA1 impairs apolipoprotein E metabolism in brain. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(39), 41197-41207. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M407962200 PMID: 15269218
  70. van Deijk, A.L.F.; Camargo, N.; Timmerman, J.; Heistek, T.; Brouwers, J.F.; Mogavero, F.; Mansvelder, H.D.; Smit, A.B.; Verheijen, M.H.G. Astrocyte lipid metabolism is critical for synapse development and function in vivo. Glia, 2017, 65(4), 670-682. doi: 10.1002/glia.23120 PMID: 28168742
  71. Boehm-Cagan, A.; Bar, R.; Harats, D.; Shaish, A.; Levkovitz, H.; Bielicki, J.K.; Johansson, J.O.; Michaelson, D.M. Differential effects of apoE4 and activation of ABCA1 on brain and plasma lipoproteins. PLoS One, 2016, 11(11), e0166195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166195 PMID: 27824936
  72. Rawat, V.; Wang, S.; Sima, J.; Bar, R.; Liraz, O.; Gundimeda, U.; Parekh, T.; Chan, J.; Johansson, J.O.; Tang, C.; Chui, H.C.; Harrington, M.G.; Michaelson, D.M.; Yassine, H.N. ApoE4 alters ABCA1 membrane trafficking in astrocytes. J. Neurosci., 2019, 39(48), 9611-9622. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1400-19.2019 PMID: 31641056
  73. Fields, R.D. Neuroscience. Myelin-more than insulation. Science, 2014, 344(6181), 264-266. doi: 10.1126/science.1253851 PMID: 24744365
  74. Morell, P.; Jurevics, H. Origin of cholesterol in myelin. Neurochem. Res., 1996, 21(4), 463-470. doi: 10.1007/BF02527711 PMID: 8734440
  75. Saher, G.; Brügger, B.; Lappe-Siefke, C.; Möbius, W.; Tozawa, R.; Wehr, M.C.; Wieland, F.; Ishibashi, S.; Nave, K.A. High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth. Nat. Neurosci., 2005, 8(4), 468-475. doi: 10.1038/nn1426 PMID: 15793579
  76. Tozawa, R.; Ishibashi, S.; Osuga, J.; Yagyu, H.; Oka, T.; Chen, Z.; Ohashi, K.; Perrey, S.; Shionoiri, F.; Yahagi, N.; Harada, K.; Gotoda, T.; Yazaki, Y.; Yamada, N. Embryonic lethality and defective neural tube closure in mice lacking squalene synthase. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(43), 30843-30848. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30843 PMID: 10521476
  77. Klopfleisch, S.; Merkler, D.; Schmitz, M.; Klöppner, S.; Schedensack, M.; Jeserich, G.; Althaus, H.H.; Brück, W. Negative impact of statins on oligodendrocytes and myelin formation in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28(50), 13609-13614. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2765-08.2008 PMID: 19074034
  78. Björkhem, I.; Meaney, S. Brain cholesterol: Long secret life behind a barrier. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2004, 24(5), 806-815. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000120374.59826.1b PMID: 14764421
  79. Dietschy, J.M.; Turley, S.D. Thematic review series: Brain Lipids. Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system during early development and in the mature animal. J. Lipid Res., 2004, 45(8), 1375-1397. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R400004-JLR200 PMID: 15254070
  80. Foran, D.R.; Peterson, A.C. Myelin acquisition in the central nervous system of the mouse revealed by an MBP-Lac Z transgene. J. Neurosci., 1992, 12(12), 4890-4897. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04890.1992 PMID: 1281497
  81. Bouslama-Oueghlani, L.; Wehrlé, R.; Sotelo, C.; Dusart, I. The developmental loss of the ability of Purkinje cells to regenerate their axons occurs in the absence of myelin: An in vitro model to prevent myelination. J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(23), 8318-8329. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08318.2003 PMID: 12967994
  82. Thompson, C.C.; Potter, G.B. Thyroid hormone action in neural development. Cereb. Cortex, 2000, 10(10), 939-945. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.10.939 PMID: 11007544
  83. McFarland, A.; Anoopkumar-Dukie, S.; Arora, D.; Grant, G.; McDermott, C.; Perkins, A.; Davey, A. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of statins in the central nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, 15(11), 20607-20637. doi: 10.3390/ijms151120607 PMID: 25391045
  84. Miron, V.E.; Rajasekharan, S.; Jarjour, A.A.; Zamvil, S.S.; Kennedy, T.E.; Antel, J.P. Simvastatin regulates oligodendroglial process dynamics and survival. Glia, 2007, 55(2), 130-143. doi: 10.1002/glia.20441 PMID: 17078030
  85. Kim, S.U. Effects of the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor ay9944 on organotypic cultures of mouse spinal cord. Retarded myelinogenesis and induction of cytoplasmic inclusions. Lab. Invest., 1975, 32(6), 720-728. PMID: 50497
  86. Miron, V.E.; Zehntner, S.P.; Kuhlmann, T.; Ludwin, S.K.; Owens, T.; Kennedy, T.E.; Bedell, B.J.; Antel, J.P. Statin therapy inhibits remyelination in the central nervous system. Am. J. Pathol., 2009, 174(5), 1880-1890. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080947 PMID: 19349355
  87. Xiang, Z.; Reeves, S.A. Simvastatin induces cell death in a mouse cerebellar slice culture (CSC) model of developmental myelination. Exp. Neurol., 2009, 215(1), 41-47. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.010 PMID: 18929563
  88. Smolders, I.; Smets, I.; Maier, O.; vandeVen, M.; Steels, P.; Ameloot, M. Simvastatin interferes with process outgrowth and branching of oligodendrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res., 2010, 88(15), 3361-3375. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22490 PMID: 20857509
  89. Paintlia, A.S.; Paintlia, M.K.; Khan, M.; Vollmer, T.; Singh, A.K.; Singh, I. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor augments survival and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in animal model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J., 2005, 19(11), 1407-1421. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-3861com PMID: 16126908
  90. Sim, F.J.; Lang, J.K.; Ali, T.A.; Roy, N.S.; Vates, G.E.; Pilcher, W.H.; Goldman, S.A. Statin treatment of adult human glial progenitors induces PPARγ-mediated oligodendrocytic differentiation. Glia, 2008, 56(9), 954-962. doi: 10.1002/glia.20669 PMID: 18383345
  91. Ginhoux, F.; Prinz, M. Origin of microglia: Current concepts and past controversies. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 2015, 7(8), a020537. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020537 PMID: 26134003
  92. Bi, X.; Baudry, M.; Liu, J.; Yao, Y.; Fu, L.; Brucher, F.; Lynch, G. Inhibition of geranylgeranylation mediates the effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors on microglia. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(46), 48238-48245. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M405442200 PMID: 15364922
  93. Heusinger-Ribeiro, J.; Fischer, B.; Goppelt-Struebe, M. Differential effects of simvastatin on mesangial cells. Kidney Int., 2004, 66(1), 187-195. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00710.x PMID: 15200425
  94. Churchward, M.A.; Todd, K.G. Statin treatment affects cytokine release and phagocytic activity in primary cultured microglia through two separable mechanisms. Mol. Brain, 2014, 7(1), 85. doi: 10.1186/s13041-014-0085-7 PMID: 25424483
  95. Zi, L.; Zhou, W.; Xu, J.; Li, J.; Li, N.; Xu, J.; You, C.; Wang, C.; Tian, M. Rosuvastatin nanomicelles target neuroinflammation and improve neurological deficit in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2021, 16, 2933-2947. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S294916 PMID: 33907400
  96. Carroll, J.A.; Race, B.; Phillips, K.; Striebel, J.F.; Chesebro, B. Statins are ineffective at reducing neuroinflammation or prolonging survival in scrapie-infected mice. J. Gen. Virol., 2017, 98(8), 2190-2199. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000876 PMID: 28758631
  97. Mackenzie, I.R.A.; Munoz, D.G. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer-type pathology in aging. Neurology, 1998, 50(4), 986-990. doi: 10.1212/WNL.50.4.986 PMID: 9566383
  98. Chong, P.H.; Boskovich, A.; Stevkovic, N.; Bartt, R.E. Statin-associated peripheral neuropathy: Review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy, 2004, 24(9), 1194-1203. doi: 10.1592/phco.24.13.1194.38084 PMID: 15460180
  99. Casares, D.; Escribá, P.V.; Rosselló, C.A. Membrane lipid composition: Effect on membrane and organelle structure, function and compartmentalization and therapeutic avenues. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(9), 2167. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092167 PMID: 31052427
  100. Jacobs, M.B. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy and peripheral neuropathy. Ann. Intern. Med., 1994, 120(11), 970. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00013 PMID: 8172444
  101. Choi, H.K.; Won, E.K.; Choung, S.Y. Effect of coenzyme Q 10 supplementation in statin-treated obese rats. Biomol. Ther., 2016, 24(2), 171-177. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.089 PMID: 26797109
  102. Corrao, G.; Zambon, A.; Bertù, L.; Botteri, E.; Leoni, O.; Contiero, P. Lipid lowering drugs prescription and the risk of peripheral neuropathy: An exploratory case-control study using automated databases. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 2004, 58(12), 1047-1051. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.013409 PMID: 15547071
  103. Otruba, P.; Kanovsky, P.; Hlustik, P. Treatment with statins and peripheral neuropathy: Results of 36-months a prospective clinical and neurophysiological follow-up. Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 2011, 32(5), 688-690. PMID: 22167150
  104. Tierney, E.F.; Thurman, D.J.; Beckles, G.L.; Cadwell, B.L. Association of statin use with peripheral neuropathy in the US population 40 years of age or older (Statin use and peripheral neuropathy in the US population aged 40 years and older). J. Diabetes, 2013, 5(2), 207-215. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12013 PMID: 23121724
  105. Clark, R.S.B.; Kochanek, P.M.; Schwarz, M.A.; Schiding, J.K.; Turner, D.S.; Chen, M.; Carlos, T.M.; Watkins, S.C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cerebrovascular smooth muscle and neutrophils after traumatic brain injury in immature rats. Pediatr. Res., 1996, 39(5), 784-790. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199605000-00007 PMID: 8726229
  106. Nazli, Y.; Colak, N.; Alpay, M.F.; Uysal, S.; Uzunlar, A.K.; Cakir, O. Neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinics, 2015, 70(1), 52-60. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2015(01)10 PMID: 25672430
  107. Fisher, M.; Moonis, M. Neuroprotective effects of statins: Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med., 2012, 14(3), 252-259. doi: 10.1007/s11936-012-0174-9 PMID: 22362392
  108. Kosowski, M.; Smolarczyk-Kosowska, J.; Hachuła, M.; Maligłówka, M.; Basiak, M.; Machnik, G.; Pudlo, R.; Okopień, B. The effects of statins on neurotransmission and their neuroprotective role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Molecules, 2021, 26(10), 2838. doi: 10.3390/molecules26102838 PMID: 34064670
  109. Endoh, M.; Maiese, K.; Wagner, J. Expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase by reactive astrocytes after transient global ischemia. Brain Res., 1994, 651(1-2), 92-100. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90683-1 PMID: 7522935
  110. Hu, S.; Sheng, W.S.; Peterson, P.K.; Chao, C.C. Differential regulation by cytokines of human astrocyte nitric oxide production. Glia, 1995, 15(4), 491-494. doi: 10.1002/glia.440150412 PMID: 8926042
  111. Cespuglio, R.; Amrouni, D.; Raymond, E.F.; Bouteille, B.; Buguet, A. Cerebral inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in microglia, astrocytes and neurons in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. PLoS One, 2019, 14(4), e0215070. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215070 PMID: 30995270
  112. Pahan, K.; Sheikh, F.G.; Namboodiri, A.M.; Singh, I. Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 100(11), 2671-2679. doi: 10.1172/JCI119812 PMID: 9389730
  113. Vaughan, C.J.; Delanty, N. Neuroprotective properties of statins in cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke, 1999, 30(9), 1969-1973. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.30.9.1969 PMID: 10471452
  114. Ghayour, M.B.; Abdolmaleki, A.; Rassouli, M.B. Neuroprotective effect of Lovastatin on motor deficit induced by sciatic nerve crush in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2017, 812, 121-127. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.018 PMID: 28688913
  115. Bösel, J.; Gandor, F.; Harms, C.; Synowitz, M.; Harms, U.; Djoufack, P.C.; Megow, D.; Dirnagl, U.; Hörtnagl, H.; Fink, K.B.; Endres, M. Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cortical neurones. J. Neurochem., 2005, 92(6), 1386-1398. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02980.x PMID: 15748157
  116. Gao, K.; Wang, G.; Wang, Y.; Han, D.; Bi, J.; Yuan, Y.; Yao, T.; Wan, Z.; Li, H.; Mei, X. Neuroprotective effect of simvastatin via inducing the autophagy on spinal cord injury in the rat model. BioMed Res. Int., 2015, 2015, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2015/260161 PMID: 26539474

补充文件

附件文件
动作
1. JATS XML
下载

版权所有 © Bentham Science Publishers, 2024