The effect of zaleplon on metabolic changes in neurotransmitters and toxic effects in Danio fish
- Authors: Volkova A.A.1,2, Kalekin R.A.1,2, Orlova A.M.1, Pavlova A.Z.1,3, Astashkina O.G.1,4, Pavlov A.L.1,5
-
Affiliations:
- FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”
- FGAOU VO “Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia”
- FGBNU “Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology named after Academician A.P. Avtsyn” Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
- GBUZ “Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination” of the Moscow Department of Health
- GBU of Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of disabled people “Tsaritsyno”
- Issue: No 3 (2023)
- Pages: 192-203
- Section: Ecological Toxicology
- Published: 28.06.2023
- URL: https://rjpbr.com/0869-7922/article/view/641524
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2023-31-3-192-203
- ID: 641524
Cite item
Abstract
Introduction. Z-drugs are a group of “non-benzodiazepine” drugs with the main mode of action regulating sleep behavior in humans through exposure to GABA receptors. There are reports indicating the toxic effects of overdose and abuse of zaleplon. However, information on the effect of Z-drugs on neurotransmitter levels is scarce.
The aim of this study was to study the effect of zaleplon exposure on neurotransmitter levels in the larvae of Danio fish using targeted metabolomics.
Material and methods. 4-hour exposure to zaleplon in concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/l was carried out on the larvae of Danio fish. Intervention groups were compared with control groups. Each group consisted of 20 larvae of Danio fish. Neurotransmitters and their metabolites were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
Results. Twenty-two metabolites associated with neurotransmission were quantified. Significantly increased metabolites were tryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, acetylserotonin, epinephrine and choline. Significantly reduced metabolites were 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptamine, dopamine, normetanephrine, metanephrine, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykinurenine, anthranilic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Limitation. When studying metabolic changes in neurotransmitters and toxic effects in Danio fish, the results of a group of 20 larvae were analyzed, which is a sufficient sample to state the results obtained.
Conclusion. Exposure to zaleplon caused metabolic changes in the concentrations of neurotransmitters associated with most major neurotransmitter systems.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents, as the study was conducted on fish embryos in accordance with SIS 33774-2016 “Testing chemicals that pose a danger to the environment. Acute toxicity of fish embryos (FET)”.
Author contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.
Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding. The study was not sponsored.
Received: December 27, 2022 / Accepted: May 26, 2023 / Published: June 30, 2023
Keywords
About the authors
Alla Andreevna Volkova
FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”; FGAOU VO “Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia”
Author for correspondence.
Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Кандидат фармацевтических наук, научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Российский центр судебно-медицинской экспертизы» МЗ РФ, 125284, Москва, Россия.
e-mail: himija@rc-sme.ru
Russian FederationRoman Anatolievich Kalekin
FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”; FGAOU VO “Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia”
Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Доктор фармацевтических наук, научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Российский центр судебно-медицинской экспертизы» МЗ РФ, 125284, Москва, Россия.
e-mail: himija@rc-sme.ru
Russian FederationAlevtina Mikhailovna Orlova
FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”
Email: himija@rc-sme.ru
Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leading Researcher of Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination, Moscow.
e-mail: himija@rc-sme.ru
Russian FederationAlbina Zakharovna Pavlova
FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”; FGBNU “Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology named after Academician A.P. Avtsyn” Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Доктор биологических наук, научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Российский центр судебно-медицинской экспертизы» МЗ РФ, 125284, Москва, Россия.
e-mail: himija@rc-sme.ru
Russian FederationOlga Genrikhovna Astashkina
FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”; GBUZ “Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination” of the Moscow Department of Health
Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Доктор медицинских наук, научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Российский центр судебно-медицинской экспертизы» МЗ РФ, 125284, Москва, Россия.
e-mail: himija@rc-sme.ru
Russian FederationAndrey Leonidovich Pavlov
FGBU “Russian Center of Forensic Medical Examination”; GBU of Moscow Center for Rehabilitation of disabled people “Tsaritsyno”
Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Врач, ГБУ г. Москвы «Центр реабилитации инвалидов «Царицыно»» Департамента труда и социальной защиты населения города Москвы, 117534, Москва, Россия.
e-mail: himija@rc-sme.ru
Russian FederationReferences
- Brandt J., Leong C. Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research. Drugs in R and D. 2017; 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-017-0207-7
- Gunja N. The Clinical and Forensic Toxicology of Z-drugs. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2013; 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0
- Gunja N. In the Zzz Zone: The Effects of Z-Drugs on Human Performance and Driving. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2013; 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0294-y
- Schifano F., Chiappini S., Corkery J.M., Guirguis A. An Insight into Z-Drug Abuse and Dependence: An Examination of Reports to the European Medicines Agency Database of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019; 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz007
- Volkova A.A., Kalekin R.A., Orlova A.M., Moskaleva N.E., Markin P.A., Astashkina O.G. Chemical and toxicological examination of zaleplon and its metabolites in the biological object urine . Voprosy biologicheskoj, medicinskoj i farmacevticheskoj himii. 2022; 25(4): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.29296/25877313-2022-04-03 (in Russian)
- Kalekin R.A., Moskaleva N.E., Volkova A.A., Orlova A.M., Markin P.A., Nevmyatova S.R., Appolonova S.A. Determination of zaleplon and klobazam by high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry with high resolution using Orbitrap technology. Sudebno-medicinskaya ekspertiza. 2022; 65(2): 24–8. https://doi.org/10.17116/sudmed20226502124 (in Russian)
- Markin P.A., Moskaleva N.E., Appolonova S.A., Volkova A.A., Orlova A.M., Kalekin R.A., Nevmyatova S.R. Development of a thin-layer chromatography method for simultaneous determination of klobazam and zaleplon in a mixture. In the collection: Topical issues of forensic medicine and law. Collection of scientific and practical articles. Kazan: 2021; 158–61. (in Russian
- Cassar S., Adatto I., Freeman J.L., Gamse J.T., Iturria I., Lawrence C., Muriana A., Peterson R.T., van Cruchten S., Zon L.I. Use of Zebrafish in Drug Discovery Toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00335
- Robinson N.B., Krieger K., Khan F., Huffman W., Chang M., Naik A., Yongle R., Hameed I., Krieger K., Girardi L.N., Gaudino M. The current state of animal models in research: a review. International Journal of Surgery. 72: 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.10.015
- Kalueff A.v., Stewart A.M., Gerlai R. Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying complex brain disorders. In Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2014: 35(2): 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2013.12.002
- Markin P.A., Brito A., Moskaleva N.E., Tagliaro F., la Frano M.R., Savitskii M.V., Appolonova S.A. Short- and long-term exposures of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-APINAC induce metabolomic alterations associated with neurotransmitter systems and embryotoxicity confirmed by teratogenicity in zebrafish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2021; 243: 109000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109000
- Markin Pavel A., Brito A., Moskaleva N.E., Tagliaro F., Tarasov V.v., la Frano M.R., Savitskii M.v., Appolonova S.A. Short- and medium-term exposures of diazepam induce metabolomic alterations associated with the serotonergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic and aspartic acid neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics. 2021; 38: 100816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100816
- Haleem D.J., Batool F. Regionally specific effects of diazepam on brain serotonin metabolism in rats: Sustained effects following repeated administration. Life Sciences. 1996; 59(15): PL239–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00452-3
- Mets M.A.J., de Vries J.M., de Senerpont Domis L.M., Volkerts E.R., Olivier B., Verster J.C. Next-day effects of ramelteon (8 mg), zopiclone (7.5 mg), and placebo on highway driving performance, memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood in healthy adult subjects. Sleep. 2011; 34(10): 1327–34. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1272
- Boyda H.N., Ho A.A., Tse L., Procyshyn R.M., Yuen J.W.Y., Kim D.D., Honer W.G., Barr A.M. Differential Effects of Acute Treatment With Antipsychotic Drugs on Peripheral Catecholamines. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 617428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.617428
- Roy-Byrne P., Fleishaker J., Arnett C., Dubach M., Stewart J., Radant A., Veith R., Graham M. Effects of acute and chronic Alprazolam treatment on cerebral blood flow, memory, sedation, and plasma catecholamines. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993; 8(2): 161–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.1993.18
- Schwarcz R., Stone T.W. The kynurenine pathway and the brain: Challenges, controversies and promises. Neuropharmacology. 2017; 112: 237–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.003
- Eissa A.A.H.M., Soliman G.A.E.H., Khataibeh M.H. Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of structurally simple anthranilic acid congeners devoid of ulcerogenic side effects. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2012; 60(10): 1290–300. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c12-00516
- Richter G., Liao V.W.Y., Ahring P.K., Chebib M. The Z-Drugs Zolpidem, Zaleplon, and Eszopiclone Have Varying Actions on Human GABAA Receptors Containing γ1, γ2, and γ3 Subunits. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2020; 14: 599812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.599812
Supplementary files
