“The Dead Cannot Be Saved”: Russia’s Recognition of the Kingdom of Italy, Based on Sources from the State Archive of Naples

Мұқаба

Дәйексөз келтіру

Толық мәтін

Ашық рұқсат Ашық рұқсат
Рұқсат жабық Рұқсат берілді
Рұқсат жабық Рұқсат ақылы немесе тек жазылушылар үшін

Аннотация

This article revisits the well-documented subject of Russia’s recognition of the Kingdom of Italy from an alternative perspective – that of Francis II, the last King of the Two Sicilies, and his diplomats, who emerged as i vinti in the wake of the Risorgimento. The analysis draws upon hitherto underexamined sources preserved in the State Archive of Naples, particularly in the Archivio Borbone. These documents reveal that, from the autumn of 1861, Neapolitan diplomats conveyed persistent concern regarding the possibility of Russian recognition of the newly unified Italian kingdom. Their efforts to defend the interests of Francis II were conducted under adverse circumstances, exacerbated by French diplomatic pressure on both Russia and Prussia to expedite recognition of Victor Emmanuel II’s new title. Neapolitan envoys regarded Russia’s eventual recognition as an act that ratified the new political order in Italy, violated the legitimate rights of Francis II, and contravened what they viewed as the moral obligations of the Imperial Russian Cabinet. These obligations, they argued, arose from the benevolent neutrality shown by Francis II’s father during the Crimean War. Nevertheless, Bourbon diplomats continued to place hope in the personal relationship between Francis II and Alexander II, and in the prospect – however remote – of Russian support for the Bourbon cause under more favourable geopolitical conditions.

Авторлар туралы

K. Kimlenka

Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: k.kimlenko@gmail.com
Moscow, Russia

Әдебиет тізімі

  1. Айрапетов О.Р. История внешней политики Росcийской империи. 1801–1914: в 4-х т. Т. 3. Внешняя политика императоров Александра II и Александра III, 1855–1894. М., 2018.
  2. Берти Дж. Россия и итальянские государства в период Рисорджименто. М., 1959.
  3. Ди Филиппо М. Документы о российско-неаполитанских отношениях в государственном архиве г. Неаполя: аннотированная опись. Ч. 2 // Имагология и компаративистика. 2019. № 12. С. 5–22.
  4. Дударев В.С. Бисмарк и Россия. 1851–1871 гг. СПб., 2021.
  5. Зонова Т.В. Итальянский вопрос в дипломатии А.М. Горчакова // Канцлер А.М. Горчаков. 200 лет со дня рождения. М., 1998. С. 167–183.
  6. Кимленко Е.А. Между Веной и Флоренцией. Роль России в поисках решения «венецианского вопроса» (весна – лето 1866 г.) // Электронный научно-образовательный журнал «История». 2024. T. 15. Вып. 10 (144). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840033077-3
  7. Котова Е.В. Германский вопрос во внешней политике Австрийской империи в 1850–1866 гг. // Электронный научно-образовательный журнал «История». 2021. T. 12. Вып. 6 (104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840016050-4
  8. Мирзеханов В.С. Россия и Венский порядок: дискурс мира и безопасности в постнаполеновской Европе // Электронный научно-образовательный журнал «История». 2024. T. 15. Вып. 12 (146). Ч. I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840033741-4
  9. Россия – Италия. 1861–1917: сборник документов в 2-х кн. Кн. 1. 1861–1898. Новосибирск, 2024.
  10. Серова О.В. Горчаков, Кавур и объединение Италии. М., 1997.
  11. Серова О.В. Признание Россией Итальянского королевства // Россия и Италия. Вып. 1. М., 1993. С. 150–174.
  12. Сибирева Г.А. Неаполитанское королевство и Россия в последней четверти XVIII в. М., 1981.
  13. Хорошева А.О. Российское посольство в Брюсселе о политике Леопольда I в период австро-итало-французской войны 1859 года // Новая и новейшая история. 2023. № 6. C. 61–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S013038640026630-1
  14. Черкасов П.П. Александр II и Наполеон III. Несостоявшийся союз (1856–1870). М., 2015.
  15. Эман И.Е. Современные прочтения проблем завершающего этапа Рисорджименто в итальянской историографии // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Сер. 5. История. 2023. № 1. С. 44–67.
  16. Airapetov O.R. Istoriya vneshnei politiki Rosciiskoi imperii. 1801–1914: v 4 t. T. 3. Vneshnyaya politika imperatorov Aleksandra II i Aleksandra III, 1855–1894 [History of foreign policy of the Russian Empire. 1801–1914: in 4 vols. Vol. 3. Foreign Policy of Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III, 1855–1894]. Moskva, 2018. (In Russ.)
  17. Berti Dzh. Rossiya i ital’yanskie gosudarstva v period Risordzhimento [Russia and Italian states during the Risorgimento period]. Moskva, 1959. (In Russ.)
  18. Cherkasov P.P. Aleksandr II i Napoleon III. Nesostoyavshiisya soyuz (1856–1870) [Alexander II and Napoleon III. A Failed Alliance]. Moskva, 2015. (In Russ.)
  19. Di Filippo M. Dokumenty o rossiisko-neapolitanskikh otnosheniyakh v gosudarstvennom arkhive g. Neapolya: annotirovannaya opis’ [Documents on Russian-Neapolitan relations in the State Archive of Naples: annotated inventory]. Chast’ 2 / Imagologiya i komparativistika [Imagology and comparativistics]. 2019. № 12. S. 5–22. (In Russ.)
  20. Dudarev V.S. Bismark i Rossiya. 1851–1871 gg. [Bismark and Russia. 1851–1871]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2021. (In Russ.)
  21. Eman I.E. Sovremennye prochteniya problem zavershayushchego etapa Risordzhimento v ital’yanskoi istoriografii [Contemporary readings of the problems of the final stage of the Risorgimento in Italian historiography] // Sotsial’nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Ser. 5. Istoriya [Social Sciences and Humanities. Local and Foreign Literature. Ser. 5. History]. 2023. № 1. S. 44–67. (In Russ.)
  22. Khorosheva A.O. Rossiiskoe posol’stvo v Bryussele o politike Leopol’da I v period avstro-italo-frantsuzskoi voiny 1859 goda [Russian Embassy in Brussels on the Policy of Leopold I During the Franco-Austrian War, 1859] // Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya [Modern and Contemporary History]. 2023. Vyp. 6. S. 61–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S013038640026630-1 (In Russ.)
  23. Kimlenka K. A. Mezhdu Venoi i Florentsiei. Rol’ Rossii v poiskakh resheniya “venetsianskogo voprosa” (vesna – leto 1866 g.) [Between Vienna and Florence. The Role of Russia in the Pursuit of a Resolution of the “Venetian Question” (Spring – Summer 1866)] // Istoriya [History]. 2024. T. 15. Vyp. 10 (144). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840033077-3 (In Russ.)
  24. Kotova E.V. Germanskii vopros vo vneshnei politike Avstriiskoi imperii v 1850—1866 gg. [The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866] // Istoriya [History]. 2021. T. 12. Vyp. 6 (104). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840016050-4 (In Russ.)
  25. Mirzekhanov V.S. Rossiya i Venskii poryadok: diskurs mira i bezopasnosti v postnapolenovskoi Evrope [Russia and the Vienna Order: the Discourse of Peace and Security in Post-Napoleonic Europe] // Istoriya [History]. 2024. T. 15. Vyp. 12 (146). Ch. I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840033741-4 (In Russ.)
  26. Rossiya – Italiya. 1861–1917: sbornik dokumentov v 2 kn. [Russia – Italy. 1861–1917: collection of documents]. Kn. 1. 1861–1898. Novosibirsk, 2024. (In Russ.)
  27. Serova O.V. Gorchakov, Kavur i ob’obedinenie Italii [Gorchakov, Cavour and the Unification of Italy]. Moskva, 1997. (In Russ.)
  28. Serova O.V. Priznanie Rossiei Ital’yanskogo korolevstva [Recognition of the Italian Kingdom by Russia] // Rossiya i Italiya [Russia and Italy]. Vyp. 1. Moskva, 1993. S. 150–174. (In Russ.)
  29. Sibireva G.A. Neapolitanskoe korolevstvo i Rossiya v poslednei chetverti XVIII v. [The Kingdom of Naples and Russia in the last quarter of the 18th century]. Moskva, 1981. (In Russ.)
  30. Zonova T.V. Ital’yanskii vopros v diplomatii A.M. Gorchakova [The Italian Question in the Diplomacy of A.M. Gorchakov] // Kantsler A.M. Gorchakov. 200 let so dnya rozhdeniya [Chancellor A.M. Gorchakov. 200 years since his birth]. Moskva, 1998. S. 167–183. (In Russ.)
  31. Baioni M. Un Mito per Gli Italiani: il Risorgimento tra ricerca storica e discorso pubblico // Italian Culture. 2012. № 1. P. 7–20.
  32. Ciampani A. Risorgimento, storiografia e dibattito pubblico: le ragioni della ricerca storica // Transalpina. 2012. № 15. P. 17–32.
  33. Dhondt F. Legal arguments in the debate on recognition of Italian independence in Belgian parliament (November 1861) // Forum historiae iuris. 12. Dezember 2022. URL: https://forhistiur.net2022-12-dhondt (access date: 07.03.2025).
  34. Di Gregorio E. Le relazioni tra il Regno di Napoli e l’Impero di Russia tra il 1850 e il 1860 nelle carte dell’Archivio dei Borbone. Napoli, 2006. Р. 102.
  35. Di Rienzo E. Il Regno delle Due Sicilie e le Potenze europee. 1830–1861. Soveria Mannelli, 2012.
  36. Di Rienzo E. L’Europa e la “questione napoletana” 1861–1870. Nocera Superiore, 2017.
  37. Fruci G.L. Mitografia e storia dei plebisciti di unificazione nelle Due Sicilie // Meridiana. 2019. № 95. P. 113–138.
  38. I documenti diplomatici italiani. Ser. 1. Vol. 1. Roma, 1952.
  39. Il Regno delle Due Sicilie nella politica estera europea (1830–1859) / a cura di S. Candido. Presentazione di M. Ganci. Palermo, 1995.
  40. Le relazioni diplomatiche fra l’Austria e il Regno delle Due Sicilie. III serie: 1848–1861. Vol. II (22 maggio 1859 – 19 febbraio 1861) / a cura di R. Moscati. Roma, 1964.
  41. Le relazioni diplomatiche tra il Regno delle Due Sicilie e il Regno di Prussia. III serie: 1848–1860. Volume unico (22 gennaio 1848 – 7 agosto 1860) / a cura di G. Coniglio. Roma, 1964.
  42. Pinto C. Il brigante e il generale. La guerra di Carmine Crocco e Emilio Pallavicini di Priola. Bari; Roma, 2022.
  43. Pinto C. La battaglia perfetta. Combattere e morire a Curatone e Montanara // Gli italiani e politica. Studi in onore di Simona Colarizi. Bari; Roma, 2024. P. 3–24.
  44. Pinto C. La guerra per il Mezzogiorno. Italiani, borbonici e briganti 1860–1870. Bari; Roma, 2023.
  45. Pinto C. La prima guerra italiana. Forze e pratiche di sicurezza contro il brigantaggio nel Mezzogiorno / a cura di A. Capone. Roma, 2023.
  46. Sonetti S. Francesco II e il brigantaggio (1860–1870) // Re i Briganti. Monarchia borbonica, controrivoluzione e brigantaggio politico nel Mezzogiorno d’Italia (1799–1895) / a cura di E. Gin e S. Sonetti. Soveria Mannelli, 2021. P. 141–159.

Қосымша файлдар

Қосымша файлдар
Әрекет
1. JATS XML
Жүктеу

© Russian Academy of Sciences, 2025