Basal ganglia and apraxia

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Abstract

The paper presents an experimental evidence for participation of dorsal and ventral striatum in modeling of different kinds of apraxia in animals. The role of implicit and explicit learning in acquisition and performing of skilled motor behavior in animals is analyzed. The posibilities for practical using of the developed models of apraxia for screening in animals the effective pharmacolgical drugs as well as for diagnostics and corrections of impaired motor functions are discussed.

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S. V. Albertin

Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Rusian Academy of Sciences

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Email: albertinsv@infran.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

References

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2. Fig. 1. Connections of the dorsal and ventral striatum with motor, sensorimotor, and limbic structures of the brain (after Gray, 1994, with modifications). The neuronal structures of the dorsal ("motor") striatum are highlighted in tone in the diagram to distinguish them from the structures of the ventral ("limbic") striatum. The dotted line marks the shortest neuronal projections between the ventral and dorsal striatum. SMC (sensorimotor cortex); DS (dorsal striatum); GPe (outer segment of the globus pallidus); GPi (inner segment of the globus pallidus); VA/VL (ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus); CM/Pf (centromedian-parafascicular) — a complex of intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus; STN (subthalamus) — subthalamus; SNpc (compact part of substantia nigra) — compact area of ​​the substantia nigra; SNpr (reticular part of substantia nigra) — reticular area of ​​the substantia nigra; PPN (pedunculopontine nucleus) — pedunculopontine nucleus; PFC (prefrontal cortex) — prefrontal cortex; VS (ventral striatum) — ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens); EC (entorhinal cortex) — entorhinal cortex; SHS (septohippocampal system) — septohippocampal system; Subic (subicular region of the hippocampus) — subicular region of the hippocampus; Amy (amygdala) — amygdala; DM (dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus) — dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus; VP (ventral pallidum) — ventral pallidum; A10 (A10 of the ventral tegmental area) — section A10 of the ventral tegmental area (VTA); SC (superior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina) — superior colliculi of the quadrigemina; HYP (hypothalamus) — hypothalamus; DA (dopamine) — dopamine; GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) — gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glu (glutamate) — glutamate.

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3. Fig. 2. (A) Effect of caudation on the implementation of instrumental food reflexes: a – correct alternation of positive and inhibitory stimuli; b – presentation of stimuli in random order; c – the same 2–3 months after caudation. (B) Change in the latent period of instrumental reactions upon presentation of positive and inhibitory stimuli in random order at different postoperative times. The abscissa axis shows the time after surgery, weeks. The ordinate axis shows the latent period, s. (C) Localization of damage to the dorsal striatum. (D) Development of a motor reflex in caudation-ectomized animals with stereotypical (top) and randomized (bottom) alternation of signals (according to: Albertin, 2011, 2015). The abscissa axis shows the time of development (days, weeks). The ordinate axis shows the percentage of correct answers. Solid horizontal lines – average level of correct answers in control animals. Dotted lines – after preliminary caudation.

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4. Fig. 3. Effect of increasing the preoperative training time on the performance of a complex coordinated motor reaction of extracting food from a tube in laminectomized (C5/C6) animals (Albertin, 2014, 2023; Albertin, 2014). In the diagram: white columns — 1 week of preoperative training, dark columns — 8 weeks of preoperative training. The lower left of the figure shows the tensograms of the support load of the limbs (1, 2, 3, 4) for diagonal (A) and non-diagonal (B) forms of reorganization of the animal's posture. Other designations are given in the figure.

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5. Fig. 4. Dynamics of the sensorimotor visual tracking reaction during the implementation of a tonic motor reaction in animals with an intrastriatal injection of saline solution — control (a) and the neurotransmitter dopamine (b, c) (Albertin, 2017b, 2021). On the electrogram from top to bottom: mechanogram (MCG) of the movement of the animal's working paw (squeezing the manipulator lever and holding it for 8-12 s, which is necessary to supply food and capture it with the working paw); electromyograms (EMG) of the flexor muscle (m. biceps brachii) and extensor muscle (m. triceps brachii) of the working paw; EMG of the neck muscles; electrooculogram (EOG); a mark for the inclusion of sensory signals. Time calibration is 1 s. The speed of movement of visual signals on the screen is 6°/s.

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6. Fig. 5. Selection of the preferred reinforcer by experimental animals in a maze with differential reinforcement with simultaneous activation of local visual signals in all arms of the radial maze — Tests 1 and 1a (Albertin, 2021; Albertin et al., 2000; Tabuchi et al., 2003; Albertin, Wiener, 2015). The numbers in the figure are the number of reinforcement drops in the arms of the maze. The circles with arrows are the direction of the animal's view when determining the localization of the preferred reinforcer in the maze using extralabyrinthine navigation cues. On the top right is a crosscorrelogram of synchronous neural activity in the theta range of the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus, recorded when choosing the preferred (largest) reinforcement. Bottom right: the level of correct responses when choosing the greatest reinforcement before and after damage to the ventral striatum (n. accumbens).

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Статья посвящена И.П. Павлову, заложившему основы системного подхода к изучению целенаправленного, последовательно выполняемого двигательного поведения животных и человека в норме и при патологии центральной нервной системы


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