Том 96, № 8 (2017)

In this paper results of research of quantitative distribution and qualitative characteristics of microdispersed particles of atmospheric air in the city of Vladivostok are presented. The chronic impact of aerosols of a microsize range on inhabitants of the urbanized territory led to the development of a condition of an oxidative stress giving rise in the increase of the level of oxidative damages of cellular macromolecules and the expansion in the number of cells with the lowered power status in comparison with residents of the favorable area. The induction of oxidative processes caused the enlargement in the content of key antioxidant enzymes (thireodoxin, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) and the gain of antioxidant activity in general. The main role in reparation of proteins and DNA in the oxidizing influence of microdispersed particles belongs to thioredoxin system due to restoration of thiol-disulfide communications and restoration of reparating enzymes. Thiol-disulfide-depended antioxidant processes make an essential contribution to the protection of an organism, preventing the development of the oxidative stress and the cell apoptosis. Long-term stress - induced influence of microdispersed particles can lead to exhaustion of adaptation and reparation opportunities of an organism and to promote еру development of pathology.

The purpose of the study. Hygienic evaluation of discharges from the road-vehicle complex to justify recommendations for handling it in urbanized areas.

Material and methods. The object of the study was discharges from the road-vehicles complex (RVC) in four cities of Russia — Saint-Petersburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm and Ufa. The research program included the analysis of the chemical composition of RVC discharges; determination of hazard classes of waste for the health of the person at the SP 2.1.7.1386-03 “Sanitary rules on determining the hazard class of toxic production wastes and consumption” (2003) and the calculation of class of danger according to the degree of negative impact on the environment in accordance with the “Criteria for classification of wastes of hazard classes I–V according to the degree of negative impact on the environment” (2014).

Results. In the analyzed samples silicon dioxide (up to 92%) appeared to be the main component of RVC discharges in cities of Petersburg, Perm, Chelyabinsk and Ufa. In RVC discharges the content of seven chemical substances hazard class 1 and 2 exceeded their MPC in soil: copper — by 10 to 35 times, Nickel — from 2.6 to 61.7 times, zinc — from 3 to 5.5 times, arsenic — from 2 to 4.4 times, chromium — 2.1 to 36.6 times, cobalt — from 1.3 to 2.8 times, benzo(a)pyrene — from 1 to 4.4 times. According to class of danger to human health RVC discharges waste in four cities refer to  hazard class 2 — highly hazardous waste, and on the basis of indices, the  total index of hazard waste for the environment to hazard class 4 — low hazard waste. Mandatory collection and removal from RVC from urban areas is recommended. It is necessary to perform additional studies to assess of migration-water hazard index RVC discharges with the aim of the determination of regulations for its disposal and storage outside the city.

An assessment of the health risk was executed under the influence of road noise during the operation of the transit high-speed highway of St. Petersburg - the Western High-Speed Diameter. The exploited section of the third stage of the construction of the highway served as material for the study. The control points were determined analytically with taking into account the maximum possible noise load, laboratory and instrumental studies were carried out during day and night in accordance with current regulations. The obtained results showed levels of health risk due to the influence of the noise factor for the population living on the territory of the Western High-Speed Diameter passage to be acceptable.

There are presented results of the analysis of a risk to public health of cities of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk. We assessed the content of harmful substances in the air at fixed stations located within the city boundaries on a well-ventilated area. The risk to health is calculated in accordance with the R 2.1.10.1920-04. During the period 2014-2015 we fixed the impurity concentration in excess of the average daily maximal permissible concentrations of carcinogens of the first and second classes of danger (benzo[a]pyrene and formaldehyde), as well as ammonia, which has a general toxic effect. The average concentration of phenol and formaldehyde within the territory of the city of Novokuibyshevsk were in the range of the average daily maximal permissible concentrations. Within the city of Samara in the air annual average concentrations of formaldehyde, only slightly exceeding the daily maximal permissible concentrations value of 1.39 in 2015 were registered. The total cancer risk to public health in the city of Samara as a whole for the period 2014-2015 amounted to 2.77·10^–4, the total hazard index — 18.35. For the health of the population of the city of Novokuibyshevsk the level of total cancer risk is equal to 1.37·10^–4, the total hazard index — 14.64. Hexavalent chromium, formaldehyde and benzene seem to be main pollutants that form the total level of carcinogenic risk to public health in the cities of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk. Copper (I place ranking), contained in large quantities in the emissions of non-ferrous metallurgy is the priority chemical, forming the total index of the risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects in the population of the city of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk. Petrochemicals are related with the values of the total cancer risk and total hazard index unacceptable for public health in cities of Samara and Novokuibyshevsk and require planned measures aimed at improving the environment in the near future.

The study was carried out on the basis of all the individual samples (101 cases) of precipitation for 2014, sampled at the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University. The concentrations of the main anions and cations, the total mineralization and δ¹⁸O values were determined. 12 cases of relatively high mineralization of precipitation were recorded. Average weighted mineralization values ranged from 12.0 to 67.7 mg/L, specific values of mineralization varied from 3.2 to 229.0 mg/L. Chlorine prevails among anions, calcium prevails among cations. The used isotope data analysis and backward trajectories of air masses showed the hydro-chemical composition of precipitation in Moscow not to be linked to the origin of air masses. This indicates to the predominantly urban origin of pollutants in precipitation. In general, in 2014 precipitation were significantly more mineralized than in previous years of observations, due to the climatic conditions of a particular year — small amount of precipitation and number of days with precipitation. This has led to the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere and the poor washout of pollutants.

Modern light technicians come to the realization that besides the visual effect the light has non visual effect on eyes and health in general. This leads to the need to revise standards for coverage which should take into consideration not only business interests, but arguments of hygienists and ophthalmologists for the protection of human health from harmful effects of energy saving light sources. For the formation of requirements to the spectral composition of light sources it is necessary to generate a set of hygienic laws defining non-visual effects of light on eye tissues. As a result of the analysis of processes of interaction of light with the eye tissue we formulated the Q-law, which defines photobiological and cyclic processes with the delivery of destructive residues, that create the preconditions for the development of various diseases of the eye. Stability criteria for these photobiological processes and the dependence of the rate of accumulation of destructive residues from the light load of the eye can serve as a methodical basis for identification of additional hygienic requirements to the lighting human environment.

Results of hygienic investigations indicate to the inefficiency of the operating collective protection from noise, resulting in the decreased reliability and increased morbidity rate of the personnel. Known methods of quality control means of protection against noise are not applicable for acoustic qualimetry of means of the collective protection, as it fails to take into account a number of informative speaker security features. The study was executed in 2012-2015, in the framework of health monitoring working conditions of staff of the three airports, exposed to the cumulative effect of noise. During the period of the study there were investigated the hygienic conditions in the workplace 134 workers, working conditions, which in terms of the acoustic environment in workplaces classified as harmful. The developed method of acoustic qualimetry of the collective protection from noise involves the synthesis of the integral index (ratio of acoustic efficiency), which is a convolution of the primary indices determining the change of hearing thresholds of staff before and after the work shift on the octave frequencies of 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz, and the maximum values (recorded during the work shift) of the sound pressure levels inside the means of collective protection for the octave frequency 31.5 Hz, 63 Hz, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz, 8000 Hz. Application of this method is very valuable for the health monitoring of working conditions and the certification of work of staff of places, because it allows not only assess risks of occupational and work-related diseases and to reduce the professional reliability, but also reveal the presence of the structural deficiencies of collective protection affecting the acoustic safety of personnel, it is essential to select, test means of collective protection, as well as to justify proposals for their improvement.

The study included children referred by their state of health to the main medical group (n=91). The average age of boys amounted to 9.6±0.05 years, and of girls — 9.5±0.05 years. The set of methods suitable for the study of school-aged children’s physical working capability at the wide range of accessible tensions was studied. The arrangement of the study met demands of Helsinki declaration. During the study 5 main factors determining physical working capacity structure in 9-10 aged children under the vast range of accessible tensions were found out. All the children were certainly health, went in for physical exercises according to commonly accepted program and did not attend sport sections. In the work there was used the complex of methods suitable for the study of the physical performance of schoolchildren in the large range of available loads. During the study there were selected 5 main factors determining the structure of the physical performance of children aged of 9-1-0 years. It is shown that boys’ and girls’ against background of the preservation of the common structure of the performance contributions of considered factors to the summarized dispersion of the sample, and physiological indices included in to the pattern of specific factors and their weight coefficients are distributed in various ways. Boys aged of 9-10 years were established to exceed girls by physical working capacity in all ranges of available loads. Meanwhile the greatest number of significant differences was identified concerning the variables characterizing working capacity in the moderate and high power relating with mainly aerobic and mixed aerobic-anaerobic power supply of muscular activity. Indices of aerobic capacity are characterized with the most differential “sensibility” in comparison with other energy criteria of the working capacity. The results of the study can be used in the solution of practical tasks according to hygienic rating and control of the value of physical loads of different relative power during the process of physical education of children aged of 9-10 years.

The article contains the survey and analysis of data on specific and long-term effects of the toxic action of carbon nanotubes (CNT) (organotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, immunotoxicity, allergenicity, carcinogenic action), evaluation of exposure risks and assessment in different receipt ways, including inhalation and intake with a variety of products. Search and selection of sources for the review was carried out with the use of public databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and RISC, for the period from 2004 to 2016. In total 109 publications were analyzed for the purposes of the review. Currently, harmful effects of CNT concerning the genetic apparatus of cells is proved on the highest level of evidence and appears to be mediated by oxidative cellular stress responses, signaling cascades activation, expression of cytokines and other regulatory factors. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) CNTs should be attributed to a group of carcinogenic substances 2B (“possibly carcinogenic to humans”). In assessing the risks of CNTs it is important to take into account their ability to enhance allergic sensitization, influence the toxicity of a number of environmental contaminants. Safe level (MCL) for multiwalled CNTs in the air of working area is 1 mg/m³, and taking into account data accumulation on the long-term effects of CNT, there are prospects for further reduction of the mentioned normative level.

There are proposed conceptual positions and levels of decision-making on provision of the safety, social and medical protection of the human on the base of the assessment, analysis and risk management in different areas of human activity in normal and emergency conditions under the exposure to man-made and some natural hazard sources. At the base of developed applications there is a unified approach to the development and use of modern risk assessment methodology: the elaboration of a common method of the risk assessment and, basing on it, specific and simplified methods for concrete sources of hazard impact. This structure of methodological bases of risk assessment, in its full development makes it more transparent and comparable as well specific methods, as the support of decision-making on protective and other measures from different sources of danger. There were formulated proposals for universal safety standards (SSs) and other levels of decision-making on safety, social and medical protection of the population and staff of hazardous industries, including acceptable levels of risk. For the establishment of SSs and other decision-making levels, a special risk index is used: the relative damage (ratio of years of life lost to a year of stay-at-risk). This index is most appropriate for evaluation, comparison and management of risk, especially in conditions of two or more acting danger sources. On the base of universal SSs there are developed branch main SSs for certain isolated sources of danger. They are expressed in those indices (specific risk indices or impact indices in their different definitions), which by now are widely used in the practice or will be chosen for practical use in the future. In the ensuring human safety in normal conditions, the main use of the risk assessment is the development and support of SSs and other levels of decision-making. In emergencies the specific risk assessment besides to the establishment the decision-making levels is essentially needed to make justified optimal decisions on the measures of social and medical protection of the population and professionals.

Получив рецензию на нашу статью, мы были удивлены ее содержанием. Рецензент описал состояние проблемы на уровне своего понимания и декларировал несколько практических задач, которые стоят перед эпидемиологами, но они не ставились в нашей статье. Однако вместо конструктивной критики положений, высказанных в статье, рецензент ставит укор авторам: почему декларируемые им (рецензентом) задачи не решены в статье. Остановимся на отдельных положениях в рецензии, которые имеют отношение к содержанию статьи.

В феврале 2017 г. в Рейкьявике состоялась Международная конференция «Дети, время экрана и беспроводное излучение» (Children, Screen time and Wireless Radiation – International Conference, Reykjavik, February 24, 2017).