Vol 96, No 5 (2017)
- Year: 2017
- Published: 21.05.2017
- Articles: 22
- URL: https://rjpbr.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9698
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITH PERSISTENT TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND PREVENTION OF THEIR HARMFUL IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION RESIDING IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Abstract
The article presents results of cohort epidemiological studies conducted in the period from 2001 to 2010 among the indigenous population residing in Chukotka (ChAO) and Nenets (NAO) autonomous districts. The aim was to document temporal changes in blood concentrations of persistent contaminants that caused the serious health concern from the first Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) survey in 2001 “Persistent toxic substances, food security and indigenous peoples of the Russian North”. In monitored indigenous cohorts there have been measured blood concentrations of persistent contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (28/31; 52; 99; 101; 105; 118; 128; 138; 153; 156; 170; 180; 183 and 187); hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β, γ - isomers of HCH); oxychlordane (trans chlordane, cis-chlordane); DDT (2,4 DDE; 4,4 DDE; 2,4 DDD; 4,4 DDD; 2,4 DDT; 4,4 DDT); hexachlorobenzene (HCB); heptachlor; dieldrin; mirex; toxaphene (Par 26, the Par 50, the Par 62); PBDEs (28; 47; 100; 99; 153; 154; 183); metals (Cd, Pb, Hg). During 2003-2004 there was implemented a set of measures for the disposal and detoxification of local sources of persistent pollutants and reduction of the risk of associated health effects that had been recommended by the international AMAP expert panel. As a result of 2010 study a significant reduction in the average serum concentrations of DDT and DDE 4.4, as well as blood concentrations of lead was found to occur, they were observed only in men living in NAO. Changes in concentrations of a number of other persistent toxic substances (PTS) although show a tendency to decrease, but these changes failed to reach the level of statistical significance. The mean annual incidence rates of diseases associated with harmful impact of PTS, in particular, cancer, endocrine system diseases, congenital malformations, and immunodeficiency, unlike most of the other classes of diseases in the population showed a clear trend towards to the increase in the period of observation. Conclusion. The results obtained did not allow to confirm the sufficient effectiveness of implemented measures for the rehabilitation of residential areas both in Chukotka and NAO. The period of re-measuring blood concentrations of PTS was assumed not be appropriate due to longer half-life of many PTS studied. The health importance of long-range transboundary transport of PTS is likely to be also underestimated especially due to the observed high contamination of migrating of commercial species of wild birds, fish and marine animals that make up a significant part of the traditional diet of indigenous peoples of the North. There is need for the improvement of national biomonitoring as well as information systems for appropriate assessment, prediction and management of health risks associated with long-range biotransportation of PTS into the arctic food chains.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):409-414



ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF THE SENSITIZATION RATE OF THE POPULATION IN A RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
There are considered ecological-hygienic aspects of the sensitization rate of population in residential environmental. The considerable part of the life of a person passes in conditions of residential environmental, he is exposed to the whole complex of sensitizing factors, with the house dust being the most important among these factors. Results. According to results of our research, the greatest number of allergic reactions was noted under the contact with domestic, pollen and epidermal allergens. In the structure of allergic diseases in the population the most frequent were allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The overwhelming majority of observed cases was shown to suffer from functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and there was also observed the presence of chronic foci of inflammation. As a result of the executed comprehensive hygienic evaluation of the quality of residential environment there was established that in conditions of residential and public buildings the array of chemicals also had allergical effect on population. Discussion. The complex chemical pollutants of the residential environment in isolation was shown to fail to exert anaphylactogenic activity, whereas in complex with house dust allergen there are revealed the decline in immunological indices of the nonspecific resistance and inhibition of functional activity of T-suppressors, and amplification of immediate hypersensitivity in condition of impact of allergical complex of domestic dust. The existence of disorders of different functional systems of organism also provokes the development of the state of the hypersensitivity of population. Conclusions. The sensitization of the population was shown to be directly affected by the combined effect on human sensitization with allergenic components of house dust and chemical pollutants. Factors contributing to the development and occurrence of allergic pathologies among the population include: the level of chemical contamination of residential environment, various functional disorders of the body systems, which give rise in increased sensitization of the population.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):414-417



RESULTS OF RADON INSPECTION OF SETTLEMENTS COMPROMISED DUE TO DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE INTO THE TECHA RIVER
Abstract
During past decades, specialists perform an epidemiological observation of the population exposed to the impact of radioactive discharges into the Techa River. The Techa River cohort studies have identified excess cases of leukemia and solid cancers associated with radiation exposure. At the same time natural sources of radiation, such as radon and its decay products, known to be significant human radiation exposure factor, are not sufficiently studied on this territory. The purpose of the study is to assess the mean value and the distribution indices of radon concentration in 14 settlements affected by radioactive contamination. Radon inspection in settlements located on the Techa River (Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions) was executed. The measurements were performed in 511 dwellings. For radon inspection there were applied detectors based on LR-115 Kodak Track. The analysis shows the sample both to be representative and allow to estimate radon exposure for inhabitants. The average radon concentration in dwellings is 150 Bq/m3, which results in an annual effective dose of 11 mSv. The estimated number of dwellings with radon concentrations above ECC radon action level 200 Bq/m3 is 19. The factors affecting indoor radon accumulation were established. The radiation dose due to the inhalation of radon, accumulated over a long period of time, seems to be generally comparable to doses associated with the radioactive discharges into the Techa River during the 1949-1956.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):418-421



VALPROIC ACID AS A REFERENCE SUBSTANCE FOR THE STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR-GENETIC MECHANISM OF OBESOGENITY OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its derivatives are recognized as obesogens. Clinically used valproic acid (VPA) as a drug is structurally similar to PFOA. The objective of the investigation was to study the molecular-genetic mechanism of the weight gain by patients taking the VPA drugs and correlation with candidate genes involved in the metabolism of medium chain fatty acids. Weight and basal insulin level were evaluated in 238 patients both before and after 12 months of VPA treatment. Genotyping of SNPs rs1801282, C>G (Pro12Ala) gene PPARγ and rs1799883, G>A (Ala54Thr) gene FABP2 were performed with TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay. Women who gained weight were genotyped «СС» for the rs1801282 PPARγ gene and appeared to have significantly higher insulin level (26.3±1.7 uU/ml) as compared to women with the same genotype and without weight gain (14.9±3.1 uU/ml). Similarly, men who gained weight and were genotyped «СС» for the rs1801282 PPARγ gene, showed significantly higher insulin level (25.4±1.8 uU/ml) as compared to men with the same genotype and without weight gain (13.,3±2.9 uU/ml). Women who gained weight and were genotyped «AA» or «AG» for the rs1799883 FABP2 gene had significantly higher insulin level (32.1±1.7 uU/ml) as compared to women with the same genotype and without weight gain (17.1±3.2 uU/ml). No correlation of insulin levels with weight gain and genotypes were identified for men. Obesogens, structurally similar to the medium chain fatty acids (in particular PFOA and analogues), can affect weight gain through the development of insulin resistance.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):422-426



ASPECTS OF DETERMINATION OF THIODIACETIC ACID IN URINE AS BIOMARKERS FOR INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE TO VINYL CHLORIDE AND 1,2 -DICHLOROETHANE
Abstract
There was developed and certified the analytical method for the determination of thiodiacetic acid in the urine in the range of from 0.1 to 10µg/cm3. The sample preparation is based on the execution of derivatization of methanol in the presence of boron trifluoride (10 wt%) followed by liquid-liquid microextraction with dimethyl ester the acid. Derivatization reaction was carried out for 15 min at 80°C. Gas chromatographic analysis was performed on a capillary column HP-5ms under the temperature gradient and splitless modes. Mass spectrometric detection occurred during the registration of selective ions (SIM). Identification of derivatives of thiodiacetic acid on the mass chromatograms was carried out by the absolute retention time (10.36 min) and the ratio of peak intensities of detected ions. The random error in the determination of component and the accuracy of the expanded uncertainty does not exceed 2 and 25%, respectively. There was made a comparative evaluation of the content of thiodiacetic acid in the urine of workers of main shops production of PVC with persons of the control group, not involved in the production. The results can be used for the identification of the fact of the exposure to toxic substances and assessment of the level of exposure and biomonitoring, as a component of health interventions for the prevention of occupational and production-related diseases.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):427-431



A CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SNOW ON AREAS EXPOSED TO SPACE-ROCKET ACTIVITIES POLLUTION (ALTAI REPUBLIC)
Abstract
There are two areas in the Altai Republic where second rocket stages of launch vehicles fall down. They use unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) as a part of fuel. The snow possesses of the high sorbtion capability, low chemical and biological activity, and is the most informative object for the investigation of chemical effects on the environment by vehicle launchings. The article represents results of the investigation of the snow pollution carried out over the period of from 2011 to 2015. The chemical analysis of snow from the areas where second rocket stages of launch vehicles fell back to the Earth testify samples fail to contain UDMH and its most dangerous transformation product - NDMA. Published data of the atmospheric pollution modeling at launching space vehicles also admit the low probability of the surface contamination by falling second rocket stages of launching vehicles. The average concentration of nitrate ion, ammonium ion, pH level meets Environmental standards. The chemical composition of atmospheric fallout in the neighboring territory is mostly determined by operational features and proximity of anthropogenic objects. The amount of contaminants in atmospheric fallout declines with the distance from emission sources. Dust load to exploration territory does not exceed a background value for Siberian region being hundred times lower then such values for industrial and residential areas. Analysis of atmospheric flow movements and the wind rose in the winter in the Altai Mountains shows on the likely entry into the territory precipitation contaminated by acid-forming emissions of metallurgical enterprises of East Kazakhstan.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):432-437



OPTIMIZATION OF METHODS OF STATE MONITORING OF WATER BODIES FOR PARASITOLOGICAL INDICES
Abstract
In an article there are discussed flaws in the formation of statistical parasitological indices in systems of socio-hygienic and hydrobiological monitoring. There is considered the relevance of free-living protozoa Amoebae accounting group, classification of the hazard and the role in the development of the water caused infectious morbidity of the population. There is presented an analytical factorization of the state of surface waters and there are considered the local values of parasitic contamination. Summary statistical reports of federal institutions - participants of the state monitoring of water bodies were established to be formed within the framework of closely specified indices and not be incorporated in the common accounting database. There are provided recommendations on the organization of a comprehensive evaluation of the biological safety of water sources.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):437-442



RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS AND LEVEL OF HEALTH RISK FOR AIR POLLUTANTS
Abstract
There was executed the complex assessment of air pollution in the city Novokuibyshevsk in 2014. There were outlined basic chemicals exceeding hygienic standards, as well as causing both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk. Average concentrations of pollutants were shown to fail to exceed the average daily maximum permissible concentration, and on the basis of this air pollution index in the city of Novokuibyshevsk was the low in 2014. However, air pollution in the city of Novokuibyshevsk decreased not due to the reduction of the concentration of priority pollutants, but as a result of the revision of the admissible values for formaldehyde concentrations. Individual carcinogenic risks to the health of children under 18 years according to hexavalent chromium, benzene and formaldehyde exceeded the border of maximum permissible risk, and were attributed to the third reference range of risk values in accordance with the R 2.1.10.1920-04. The carcinogenic risk to the health of adults and the population of the city of Novokuibyshevsk as a whole was in the third reference range boundaries only for hexavalent chromium. However, the overall carcinogenic risk for health of children aged up to 18 years amounted to 1.18∙10-3 and moved into a fourth reference range boundaries. The total index of danger with all substances, the content of which was monitored in the ambient air in the city of Novokuibyshevsk, accounted for 17.74 and also demanded measures to reduce air pollution in the near future.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):442-445



CYTOGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF COMPREHENSIVE IMPACT OF DRUGS AND ENVIRONMENTAL GENOTOXICANTS (ON EXAMPLE OF CEFTRIAXONE AND PB (II)) ON THE ORGANISM AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THEIR ANTIMUTAGENIC CORRECTION
Abstract
On fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster there was studied the possibility of antimutagenic correction of factors simulating exogenous xenobiotics, potentially dangerous for humans: lead compounds (II) and the drug ceftriaxonum, and their combinations. Research on the criterion of accounting the dominant lethal mutations (according to P.Ya. Shvarzman) showed (Pb (II) 10-5 M, ceftriaxonum 0,008 g per 100 g the nutrient medium) in studied doses to give rise correspondingly the gain in the frequency of occurring mutations de novo in generative cells by 3.8 and 5.9 times (relatively to the spontaneous level). Co-administration of these substances (at same doses) fails to cause synergistic effects: the frequency of lethal dominants in the experimental group relatively to the level of intact male fruit flies increases by 7.4 times. The aqueous extract of grass Amaranthus retroflexus L. (at a dosage of 0.43 ml per 100 g of the nutrient medium) had pronounced antimutagenic effect. The portion of mutations induced by lead ions was diminished by 54.4%, in the case of ceftriaxonum - by 37.4%, indicating to a specific antioxidant jugulating of free radical mutagenesis. Against the background of the combined effects of both the extent of damaging factors the antimutagenic activity of the complex of biologically active substances from Amaranthus retroflexus L. appeared to be the greatest - 70.7%. Various variants of the experiment simulating the conditions of the prevention or treatment (Amaranthus r. infusion before or after administration of the complex mutagens, respectively) showed a pronounced effect in both cases. In the case of preventive protection of the genome the degree of jugulating of adverse manifested symptoms was 70.7%, and in the case of possible treatment options - 68.8%. In this aspect, it is appropriate the further investigation of biologically active substances from Amaranthus r. L. with the aim to isolate of the spectrum of the most active compounds against exogenous xenobiotics and their introduction in the pharmacological practice.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):446-451



FOOD HYGIENE
IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINATION OF SALMON MEAT BY DNA FROM BACTERIA OF THE PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS GROUP IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DNA BARCODING OF PRODUCTS OF JAPANESE CUISINE
Abstract
DNA barcoding as a tool for genetic certification and identification of taxonomic membership of organisms has recently become very popular. We have applied DNA barcoding method for taxonomic identification of fish ingredients (salmon, tuna, flying fish roe, shark) in product of Japanese cuisine. We have analyzed 27 samples from 6 retail outlets and 3 restaurants of the city of Voronezh. It was found that for products designated as containing “salmon” in all selected outlets were used as a fillet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which is considerably less valuable than Pacific salmon. Results of DNA barcoding showed that one of the samples of «salmon» was in fact, yellowfin tuna, whereas one sample of “tuna” was a fillet of Atlantic salmon. However in general, the “salmon” and “tuna” samples were substituted infrequently. Analysis of “flying fish roe” samples revealed that only one sample from 6 was really Fourwing flyingfish (Hirundichthys affinis). The remaining samples were identified as DNA of capelin (Mallotus villosus). By analyzing the “double” sequences in 2 samples, we have found that two samples of «flying fish roe» were mixtures of Fourwing flyingfish roe and capelin roe. A sample labeled “shark” was identified as Mozambique tilapia. This species is a freshwater fish. Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens was identified in one of the “salmon” samples. Analysis of “double” sequences of “salmon” samples revealed presence of P. fluorescens DNA. Analysis of salmon meat with the use of species-specific primers for this bacterium revealed contamination of all samples by P. fluorescens. This bacterium causes the disease in salmon and can be harmful to patients with compromised immune systems. Primers used for DNA barcoding were shown to have high homology to DNA of bacterial group P. fluorescens.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):483-488



HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRITION OF CONVICTS SERVING SENTENCES IN PENAL COLONIES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Abstract
The issues of nutrition of convicts, for years of existence of the Soviet Union and currently, are not studied completely. Citizens detained in penitentiary institutions (PI) have specific socio-demographic characteristics. Along with the unsatisfactory sanitary conditions for convicts in the colonies, the hygienic assessment of their nutrition becomes important. Without proper hygienic evaluation of food it is impossible to develop effective interventions to improve their health. Taking this into account, the article shows the hygienic assessment of the actual nutrition of convicts over the period of 2009-2012, according to 320 menu layouts accepted by the Order Ministry of Justice of Russia, No. 125, August, 2005. There are presented data on caloric value of diets of persons sentenced to imprisonment in penal colonies in the Republic of Tatarstan, provision of the body by proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium. There is given the analysis of the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of prisoners, as well as calcium and phosphorus.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):488-492



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
HYGIENIC FOUNDATIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF CULTURE OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLE OF SCHOOLCHILDREN
Abstract
In an article there are discussed some aspects of negative changes in the health status of children, adolescents and young people. Taking into account the literature data on the revealed relationship of this dynamics with the health culture of the younger generation, it is proposed to solve the problem of preserving and strengthening the health status of schoolchildren by forming a culture of a healthy lifestyle of students. There is considered the role of hygienic training of students of a pedagogical university as future teachers in the system of higher education. Its peculiarity is the presence of a double translation of the competence of health formation, which is carried out on the one hand, first by improving the hygienic literacy of students studying in a pedagogical college, creating favorable conditions for their life, study and work, and on the other hand, by education of schoolchildren by them.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):463-466



COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OBSERVED IN ADOLESCENT MALE RESIDENTS OF CITIES OF MAGADAN AND MOSCOW
Abstract
There was executed the comparative study of functional indices of the cardiovascular system in adolescent boys aged of 13-16 years, residing in the city of Magadan (n=424) and Moscow (n=437). The recording of functional indices of hemodynamics in adolescents was made by the same method of the volumetric compression oscillometry method with the use of hardware-software complex “Globus” for the noninvasive study of central hemodynamics (“Globus”, Belgorod). There were revealed regional features of the dynamics of the development of the function of the cardiovascular system in adolescents residing under different climatic geographical and ecological conditions. There were established statistically reliable differences in hemodynamic indices during the age period of 13-15 years: Moscow schoolchildren have higher values of the blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume and left ventricular stroke power comparing with Magadan counterparts. In Magadan adolescents there was revealed the tendency towards higher values of heart rate. The analysis of the distribution of hemodynamics indices according to the type of self-regulation of blood-circulation shows 63.7% of schoolchildren of Magadan and Moscow to have cardiotype, 26.9% and 41.2% of adolescents are characterized by cardiovascular type, and vascular type is a common feature in 9.4% and 14.4% of examined adolescents.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):466-469



INFLUENCE OF TECHNOGENIC POLLUTION ON HEALTH INDICES OF STUDENTS OF LYCEES
Abstract
There were executed comprehensive studies on revealing of changes of indices of leading physiological systems of adaptation of an organism of persons of the young age in conditions of anthropogenic radiation-chemical pollution of environment. There were examined 392 teenagers studying at the first year course of professional lyceums, permanently living in areas with various indices of the technogenic pollution. The functional state of the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune and central nervous systems was investigated by means of modern methods. There was revealed the role of increased radiation and chemical loads as “risk factors” for the deterioration of the health status of students in vocational lyceums. There were detected methodical approaches to early diagnostics and prevention of the reduction of the adaptive potential of the organism, the disturbance of the health of young people in conditions of current technogenesis.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):470-474



ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ADMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF FORMALDEHYDE ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ADOLESCENTS
Abstract
Formaldehyde is the one of the most dangerous toxic substances to human health. The purpose of research is to evaluate the functional state of the central nervous system in children with different levels of excretion of formaldehyde. There were examined 220 children (100 boys and 120 girls) aged of 11-17 years. There was used a complex of psychophysiological methods allowing to study cognitive features, power and performance of the central nervous system. Among the cognitive functions there were studied: gnosis (the perception and processing of information); sensorimotor coordination, attention. The formaldehyde concentration in urine was found to be in the range of values of conditional norms. Children were distributed into three groups in dependence on the formaldehyde concentration in urine. Children with the lowest level of excretion of formaldehyde were noted to possess an average speed of visual-motor reaction, a high level of sensorimotor coordination, middle level of the volume, distribution and shiftability of attention. In children with intermediate values of formaldehyde there were revealed the functional level of the system assessed as low, impaired performance of the CNS and sensorimotor coordination, shiftability of attention below average. The functional state of the central nervous system in children with the most high urinary excretion of formaldehyde, corresponding to the upper range of values, was differed by the low functional level of the system, decreased performance and sensorimotor coordination, volume, distribution and shiftability of attention below average level. In children from this group there was established the negative correlation between the concentration of formaldehyde in the urine and indices of the tapping test (the number of taps, the initial rate of speed). The tests revealed psychophysiological signs of the deterioration in the functional state of the central nervous system in children with the increasing of formaldehyde concentration in the urine.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):474-478



SOMATOTYPOLOGIC ESTIMATION OF STUDENTS-YOUTHS WITH THE DIFFERENT LEVEL OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE
Abstract
The prevention of different diseases among students must be based on the need for the individualization of all health saving technologies with taking into account the type of constitution, dynamics of its development, interrelation with the physical activity and the functional state. Purpose of the work is to give the characteristic of somatotypes of the constitution of the students-youths of the Irkutsk region with taking into account special features of their functional state. There were examined 1014 students-youths aged of 17-20 years, referred due to the health status for the occupations by physical culture to the I -1 (basic) functional group and 275 students referred to IV group (group Curable Physical Culture). For somatotyping and constitutional diagnostics there was used the procedure by R.N. Dorokhov, V.G. Petrukhina (1989). There were established significant differences in the types of constitution in the youths of the I and IV functional groups. This is manifested by the fact that microsomic (MiS) type youths are recorded in the IV functional group by 2 times less frequent than in the I group, but by 1.4 time more frequent than macrosomic (MaS) students. There was revealed the large number of youths referred to transitional somatotypes who have the retarded variant of the development. The component content of the body of youths in both functional groups according to the bone mass is somewhat lower than standard, fat is above standard in both groups, muscular mass is in limits of standard range in the I functional group and is descended in the IV group. In a somatotypologic set of both functional groups from MiS to MegS to type there is noted a reduction of the absolute and relative content of muscular mass and the gain of fat. The insufficient content of muscular mass in students of IV functional group is related with their low physical activity, that is confirmed by reliably poor development of the muscular force of right and left wrist of hands.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):478-483



PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
SILICON: ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPACT UNDER DIETARY INTAKE AND HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF ITS CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER. A REVIEW
Abstract
By the prevalence in the earth’s crust, silicon occupies the second place after oxygen. In different quantities silicon always presents in water and food products.The average daily dietary intake of silicon in Western world is about 20-50 mg/day. The biological role of silicon in human organism is still not clear, but it assumed to be necessary for processes of bone mineralization, collagen synthesis, it has a positive effect on the state of skin, hair, and nails, contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. A number of scientific research is devoted to biological effects of silicon in animals and human subjects under intake with food and water, and substantiation of silicon (maximum admissible concentrations (MAC) in drinking water. In Chuvashia there was investigated the regional (geographical) pathology, which may be related with an increased silicon intake in association with the sharp imbalances of trace and macro elements in drinking water. Some measures were implemented to identify the possible role of silicon in etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report summarized materials for the experimental evaluation of the toxicity and harmless levels of silicon intake with food and water in animals. A series of studies was executed to simulate the development of silicon urolithiasis and for the elucidation of the role of macro- and microelements accompanying the intake of silicon into the body in stone formation. There are studied potential therapeutic effects of water soluble silicon compounds on human health. The standards of silicon in drinking water are regulated only in Russia and Australia. At the same time in our country there were formed two opposing points of view in relation to the hygienic standardization of silicon. The first is one - MAC of silicon in drinking water needs to be cancelled, the second - MAC of silicon in the water needs to be tightened. To resolve the contradictions it is advisable to use both the experience of harmonization of standards with international requirements, and the principle of silicon regional standardization, taking into consideration the biogeochemical characteristics of geographic areas. When searching the literature databases PubMed and CyberLeninka were used.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):492-498



OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
MODERN PRINCIPLES AND MEANS OF PROTECTION OF WORKERS FROM ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Abstract
There is presented the analysis of criteria, methods and means of protection of workers from adverse effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, including protection by time (by means of hygienic standardization), as well as methods and means of the metrological control. Special attention is given to the improvement of the assessment of means for personal protection, including the application of the criterion of specific absorbed-power (absorption rate).
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):451-455



CONDITIONS OF THE CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE IN COAL MINERS
Abstract
Working in coal mines, despite all achievements of modern science and technology, still remains among the most dangerous occupations to the health. The review of researches about the chromosomal damage in coal miners was performed. We searched information in the following databases - PubMed, http://www.sciencedirect.com and in the electronic library http://elibrary.ru with the use of the search strategy adopted in the Cochrane Collaboration. Inclusion criteria were: 1) randomized, controlled original researches; 2) researches performed in 1993-2016 where coal miners were the object of the study; 3) articles described chromosomal aberrations (CAs), micronuclei (MN), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), DNA comets as biomarkers of the exposure. Exclusion criteria were other methods of the assessment of DNA damage; lack of data on the type of mines or coal mines/open-cast mines (uranium, tin, etc.); lack of access to the full text in Russian or English. As a result of the search 12 articles met selection criteria and showed a chromosomal damage in miners were selected. The results of researches performed in different countries (Russia, Turkey, Brazil, Colombia, Netherlands, Peru and India) demonstrate the increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in employees of coal mining industry. Damages are accumulated in cells of different types (buccal epithelium and lymphocytes) and can be detected by methods of the assessment of CAs, SCE, MN and DNA comet assay that indicating the complex basis of genotoxicants. The results of the analysis of the relationship between the cytogenetic markers, age and length of service are contradictory. The formation of occupational pulmonary diseases is accompanied by an additional induction of cytogenetic damage. In general, the analysis confirmed the high genotoxic risk of working conditions in underground as well as open-cast miners.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):455-459



ASSESSMENT OF INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS UNDER EXPOSURE TO THE VIBRATION IN EMPLOYEES IN DEPENDENCE ON PRONOUNCEMENT OF THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify changes in concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, depending on the severity of health disorders in workers. Under observation there were employees working in conditions of the occupational vibration (experienced workers with a long-term working period without signs of the disorders of health, patients with the vibration-induced disease (VID) and patients with VID at the remote period). There was established the aggravation of the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines with an increase in the severity of the pathological process. There were identified unidirectional changes of indices in patients with various degree of the severity of the health disorder characterized by a decrease in serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10. This is apparently due to the inhibition of the functional activity as T helper type 1 and T helper type 2. The determination of mediators of the immune response in employees of vibration hazard occupations may serve as a marker for the early screening assessment of health problems and the severity of the clinical course of the VID.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):460-462



ANNIVERSARY DATES
К 80-ЛЕТИЮ ЗОИ ИЛЬИНИЧНЫ ЖОЛДАКОВОЙ
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):499-499



К 80-летию Алексея Михайловича Большакова
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;96(5):500-500


