Том 97, № 2 (2018)
- Жылы: 2018
- ##issue.datePublished##: 14.02.2018
- Мақалалар: 16
- URL: https://rjpbr.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9688
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Provision of the public radiological protection against radon exposure. Challenges and resolutions
Аннотация
In the Year of Ecology, announced by the Russian President in the Decree №7, 05/01/16, the authors aim both to draw the attention of the scientific community to the public radiological protection issues concerning radon exposure in Russia and to recognize the necessity of their resolution. Taking into account the modern scientific evidence on the health impacts of radon and its progenies, the changes of the regulatory approaches to public radiation protection are analyzed. Considering modern challenges in the radon control the current state of affairs in Russia is reviewed. The achieved results in public radiation protection in Russia and new challenges are discussed taking into account new WHO, ICRP and IAEA recommendations. The potential means to improve the current national radon strategy are considered.



Some methodological problems of the optimization of microecological risk factors to health
Аннотация
In order to prevent the phenomena of “microbiological genocide”, unjustified and unfavorable violations in microecological systems, and, first of all, human microbiota during the implementation of the disinfection prevention of diseases, the necessity for the scientific justification and practical provision of sufficient antimicrobial selectivity of disinfecting effects, is substantiated in the article. It is necessary to decode and take into account the susceptibility of different microbe pathogens to various disinfectants in comparison with saprophyte, and even more so, useful microflora.



The radiological state of the soil cover as the most important criteria for the estimation of the environment pollution
Аннотация
One of the most important problems of agriculture under conditions of the soil contamination with radioactive elements is the maximum possible decrease in the supply of these substances to crop production and prevention of their accumulation in the organisms of farm animals. In connection with this, now we have a problem of introducing new technologies and techniques not only in the agrochemical survey of lands but also in the agro-industrial complex as a whole. This article presents experimental data on the concentration of radionuclides 137Cs, 90Sr, 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K in the soils of agricultural enterprise «Druzhba» in the Gorky District of the Omsk Region. The survey was conducted in 2016 on the basis of the Center for Agrochemical Service «Omskiy». The content of 137Cs and 90Sr was shown not to exceed background indices, whereas the use of potassium fertilizers and the composition of soil-forming rocks gives rise in the increase in the content of such radionuclides as 40K, 232Th and 226Ra.



The use of results of expanded monitoring research for the integrated assessment of drinking water according to indices of chemical harmlessness
Аннотация
According to results of the estimation of drinking water on the index of the chemical harmlessness of five water intake structures of the city of Ufa, the drinking water of a superficial water intake on total and population cancerogenic risks was shown to be more harmful in comparison with water from infiltration water intakes. At the same time, drinking water from an infiltration water intake with ultra-violet disinfecting has smallest values of cancerogenic and non-cancerogenic risks. Trigalogenmetans and dichloroacetic acid (water disinfection chlorine by-products)| make the main contribution to the value of the total cancerogenic risk of the studied drinking waters, trigalogenmetans and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate make the contribution to the value of noncancerogenic risk. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons fail to have a significant impact on the value of total cancerogenic risk of drinking water of the city in view of their presence at low concentration. Work is carried out according to R 2.1.10.1920-04 and MR 2.1.4.0032-11.



The dynamics of the risk of the morbidity and the adaptation process as indices of the impact of local environmental factors on the population
Аннотация
There were studied: The role of the disease dynamics at the background area in the formation of the risk for childhood morbidity in the study area; the value of indices of the long-term wavelike risk dynamics and the corresponding adaptation process for the identification and classification of mass non-infectious diseases. The waviness dynamics of the children morbidity risk is caused by the wave-like nature of the disease dynamics in the study and background areas. The disease risk level is formed not only by differences in the incidence rates of the background and study areas but also from differences in phases of high and low non-specific resistance of children contingent in these territories. The different character of the dynamics of the risk for the disease and related waviness of the adaptation process among children reflects the existence of differences in exposure to characteristics of local environmental factors in each territory. The average risk of disease, around which there are carried out annual fluctuations risks and phase states of the adaptation process, and the corresponding levels of reactivity and resistance of the body are the result of the absolute magnitude of the impact of local factors on the study area. The average relative risk of the morbidity, around which there are carried out annual fluctuations risks and phase states of the adaptation process is an integral index of the level of mass non-infectious diseases and the degree of severity of the medical and environmental situation, the level of reactivity and work mismatch of the body subsystems of children and the degree of their intensity. This is the measure of the absolute magnitude of the impact of local factors. The waviness to the development of states of high and low resistance is both always an index of antistress activation responses (or non-specifically high resistance state) and relative to the average force of impact factors (for the observed reactivity level). On the basis of the accounting for the level of the risk, there is suggested the classification of infectious diseases, including 1) the background or relatively satisfactory morbidity, 2) mass morbidity with the increased risk, 3) mass incidence of the high-risk, and 4) a mass incidence of the very high risk.



The environmental hygienic assessment of the electromagnetic situation near sanitary protection zone of power lines
Аннотация
The article gives the review of criteria for the assessment of an electromagnetic situation near power lines. Settlement modeling has been executed and the actual data is characterizing a condition of the electric and magnetic field in the territory near power lines of 500 kV and 220 kV. The research of the impact of the power-frequency magnetic field from power lines in the apartments on the example of the building under construction located at distance of 60 m from the power line of 500 kV is reported. Values of the magnetic flux density at the borders of sanitary-protective zones of power lines were shown to meet Russian sanitary standards. At the same time outside this zone to the adjacent residential areas, there was fixed the excess in the performance of the magnetic flux density according to the standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The measurement of the magnetic flux density on different floors of the building under construction has shown that the maxima, recognized at floors 4 and 5 (0.3 mT) are on the border of the range recommended by the WHO; in case of the recalculation of these values on a maximum load of the line an obvious excess of the indices recommended by the WHO is observed. Thus, the area of the residential development in modern conditions may actually be located in the strip residential areas with uncertain criteria of the safety assessment, respectively, the population living in such conditions, is a potential contingent for epidemiological surveys on the program of the international electromagnetic WHO project.



Retrospective analysis of cancer mortality rate in the population at the territories of Chelyabinsk region exposed to accidents at MAYAK Production Association
Аннотация
Radioactive pollution of the territory of the Chelyabinsk district is significantly determined by accidents happened at the largest nuclear industry enterprise — Mayak Production Association related to the waste disposal of radioactive fluids into the Techa River due to the accident of 1957 and the spread of the dusty radioactive clay from the Karachay lake with the wind. We executed a selective retrospective epidemiologic study of the mortality rate in the population residing in five districts (Argayashsky, Kaslinsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Kunashaksky, Sosnovsky), and two cities — Kasli and Kyshtym (all of them are located in the Chelyabinsk region), exposed to atmospheric and liquid radioactive wastes. In the administrative districts, those were inhabited only in settlements located within the zone of the intensive radioactive pollution were studied. The source of information about the cases of death was the official death records provided by the Office of Vital Records of the Chelyabinsk region for the time period of 1947–1996. As a whole about 135 thousand death records were considered. The gain in the cancer mortality rate was noted for both males and females in cities of Kyshtym and Kasli. In 1950-60s the highest mortality rate indices were typical for the population of Kasli, and in 1960–70-s — for Kyshtym. A two-fold gain in the cancer mortality rate was noted in districts of Chelyabinsk region suffered from the accidents. Practically the permanent excess of estimated benchmarks was noted in Argayashsky and Kaslinski districts and during some periods in Krasnoarmeisky and Sosnovsky districts. In the city of Kasli, Kaslinsky, Argayashsky and Krasnoarmeisky districts the rise in the mortality rate was noted already from the beginning of 1950s and was twice or more as much. The increase in the cancer mortality rate among the population of both genders is sufficiently determined by the growth of age coefficients (in ages of 60–69 and 70 years and older). The coefficient of the cancer mortality rate decreases progressively to the distance from Mayak Production Association.



The cytogenetic and phytotoxic assessment of the anti-icing material on onion assay (Allium cepa)
Аннотация
Allium cepa assay is one of the relevant methods for the cytogenetic analysis. Today modern anti-icing reagents seem to be unstudied in the field of cytogenetics studies. The aim of the experiment is to study the phytotoxic and cytogenetic activity of multi-component anti-icing material using an onion Allium cepa. We researched anti-icing concentrations in the range of from 1 to 100 g/l. The test object was onion «Stuttgarter risen» variety couched in anti-icing solutions during the 72 hours. According to the assessment of phytotoxic effects, there was estimated the number of roots, the length of the longest root and the length of all roots for the every onion plant. The parallel experiment included the phytotoxic research of the same anti-icing using wheat seeds according to method MR 2.1.7.2297-07. Every onion roots were cut away, fixed, painted and pressured for microscopic analysis for the purposes of the cytogenetic research. About 2000 cells were analyzed for each onion. We estimated the number of mitosis per 1000 cells (mitotic index, ‰) and the proportion of cells in each phase of mitosis by the total number of dividing cells (%). For the analysis of cytogenetic damage using micronucleus test that provided the estimation of micronucleus, protrusions, and binuclear cells. An ana-telophase analysis included the estimation of fragments bridges and lagging chromosomes. As a result of analysis of the roots growth, we founded acting concentrations (2; 4; 10 and 100 g/l) and in-acting ones (1.3 and 1). The experiment showed the similar susceptibility of the onion and wheat root response. The mitosis analysis showed that concentrations from 1 to 1.3 g/l increased a mitosis activity and concentration of 10 g/l provided the decline of mitosis. There were no cytogenetic defects in all studied concentrations.



OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
Analysis of the efficiency in the structure of functional conditions in communication with social-psychological qualities of watch employees of the mining and processing plant
Аннотация
The authors prove the relevance of the study of the effectiveness of professional activities of employees in relation to personal characteristics and functional states in extreme conditions, especially in conditions of the shift work in the Far North. The purpose of the study was to analyze the interrelationship between the efficiency of professional activities of shift workers in a mining and processing factory with their social and psychological qualities and functional states during the shift-work period. Study group: 41 shift workers of the mining and processing factory of one of the diamondiferous deposits of the Arkhangelsk region. Methods of research included the psychological testing, set of psychophysiological techniques. The research show the social-psychological characteristics of the personality such as an evaluation of others as an etalon of oneself, moderate severity of altruistic type of attitude towards people, desire to achieve results in their activities at an average level, ability to control one’s feelings and emotions to be important for the effectiveness of the professional activity of shift specialists. The states of high effective workers are estimated at the level of the norm according to the indices of well-being and mood, the activity is estimated below the norm. The states of high-performance workers are also characterized by heteronomy and a strong degree of predominance of the right hemisphere. Average effective workers have a setting for the result at a level above the average, developed the ability to control one’s feelings, responsibility towards people. The states arising in the course of the labor activity, average-effective workers are estimated to be on average higher than the group of highly efficient workers. They are more autonomous and have a small degree of predominance of the right hemisphere. Employees, judged by experts as average-effective, resort to the use of the adaptation strategy for the emergency job, highly effective workers use economical strategy.



Labor conditions as a factor of the risk of the occurrence of colorectal cancer
Аннотация
Introduction. The factors of both the working environment and the labor process seem to be an integral part of the life of the able-bodied person, on which the functions of the human body and the quality of life of the individual depend to varying degrees. There is a relationship between factors of working conditions and the risk of development of colorectal cancer (CRC): non-ionizing radiation, noise, microclimate, chemicals, biological factors, neuro-emotional tension, the severity of the work process, night shifts, low illumination, contact with antibiotics and allergens, the nature of work and the characteristics of physical activity.
Tasks. To study the prevalence of risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with working conditions in the urban and rural population of the Omsk region.
Methods. An epidemiological analytical study (case-control) included 609 cases (556 non-CRC persons, 53 CRC patients). The study used epidemiological, hygienic, sociological, statistical methods.
Results. Out of 12 risk factors for the development of CRC related to working conditions, only the biological factor (p <0.005, OR=4.031, 95% CI: 1.129 ÷ 10.481) was confirmed as significant in residents of the Omsk region. For the residents of the regional center there were shown to be significant such factors as microclimate (p <0.001, OR 2.814, 95% CI 1.308 - 6.054), biological factor (p <0.001, OSH 4.152, 95% CI 1.931-8.927), neuro-emotional tension (p < 0.001, OR 3.851, 95% CI 1.538 ÷ 9.644). In rural areas, the presence of chemicals (p < 0.001, OR 6.780, 95% CI 2.374 - 19.362) and the effect of biological factors (p <0.001, OR 4.877, 95% CI 1.921 - 12.284) was reliable.
Conclusion. The viral-microbial (biological) factor is a common related to working conditions, the risk factor for the development of CRC in the population (urban and rural) of the Omsk region. For the rural population leading factors were the microclimate and neuro-emotional tension, for the urban - the presence of chemicals was significant.



Research of the biomarker of the exposure to organochlorine compounds in employees of the vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride manufacture
Аннотация
This article presents results of the quantitative assessment of the blood content of organochlorine compounds (vinyl chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane) and its metabolite thiodiacetic acid (TDAA) in the urine of workers of the production of vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride(PVC). The studies were executed in two phases: in the first phase, 65 persons were surveyed at the time of the periodic medical examination, at the second phase — 10 workers of basic professions (apparatchiks of gas separation and polymerization and cleaners) werу observed in the dynamics of 12-hour shifts. The sample consisted of persons, who regularly passed bioassay test before the work shift, and after the shift and the next day before the shift. The purpose of the study was the evaluation of the content of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the organism of workers of VC and PVC productions. The studies were conducted using the methods developed in our laboratory with using a gas chromatograph Agilent 7890A with a flame ionization detector, docked with the Headspace Sampler Agilent 7694E and gas chromatograph Agilent 7890A with a Mass Selective Detector Agilent 5975C. Statistically significant differences in TDAA urine content were found between workers and cases from the control group. There was detected its dependence on the levels of as well exposure to toxic substances, the production, and occupation, as the duration of the post-exposure period. The average value of the urine content of TDAA in workers of the workshop of VC production authentically was shown to be 2.57 times higher than in workers of the workshop of the PVC production. The average urine concentration of TDAA in workers of both workshops were 5.0 and 19.9 times higher than in cases from the control group (0.27±0.02 mg/dm3). Th urine TDAA content in panmen was authentically 2 times higher than in workers from the group of the subsidiary occupations. It should be noted that the largest percentage of urine samples with exceeding TDAA levels in the control group — 84.8% was observed in panmen, in the group of auxiliary occupation the percentage of these samples amounted to 75.0%. Increased levels of the urinary TDAA excretion was observed during the work after 12 hours after the end of the shift, before starting the next shift period and during a medical examination 24 hours after the cessation of the exposure to toxicants, which may be the optimal time urine collection during biomonitoring studies.



Potential of employees’ health as a component of the human potential of the organization
Аннотация
The health of employees is an integral part of the human potential of the organization, which has a special dual significance. On the one hand, this is a necessary condition for the realization of other components of human potential; on the other hand, it reflects the quality of the productive and social environment of the organization. The study of the psychosocial aspect of employee health is a relatively new area in the field of occupational medicine. The proposed work explores the psychosocial well-being of workers in industrial enterprises and the factors that determine it. The information base of the research is the results of a sociological survey of workers of four large industrial enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan: UMPO, UGOK, VNZM and Bashneft-service NPZ, as well as financial reports of enterprises and information published on their official websites. The general characteristics of enterprises are given, the method of coefficient analysis is used to evaluate their financial and economic well- being. In general, the respondents demonstrate a positive psychosocial well-being: more than 45% of respondents are completely satisfied with their lives, more than 70% of respondents assess their health as good or excellent, more than 60% of respondents do not consider the search for a new job a difficult task. Factor analysis of the psychosocial well-being of workers is performed by two methods: order regression and classification trees. A comparative analysis of the conclusions drawn as a result of the application of these methods showed that some of them coincide, while some of them differ. To select the preferred method, a comparison of the prediction accuracy was made, showing that both methods provide almost the same accuracy. Therefore, the reliable conclusions are those that are obtained using both methods, namely: self-estimation of health deteriorates while aging; men are more optimistic about their health compared to women; with age, the search for a new job is considered as an increasingly difficult task; men show greater satisfaction with life compared to women; the place of work has an effect on a degree of life satisfaction.



Software complex for the monitoring occupational risk to the health of workers
Аннотация
The development of the software complex as an information system of the monitoring and risk evaluation in an industrial plant was carried out as one of the innovative directions of the formation of scientific bases of the preventive environment which possess of capabilities to adapt to a particular enterprise and working conditions. The system includes both traditional methods of statistical analysis and methodologies for the adoption of management solutions for a professional risk, as well as innovative approaches as methods of logical-probabilistic analysis, with the adaptive mechanisms of the clarifying crucial rules based on the permanently updated database. This system is presented in a structured form as Software complex «Occupational risk-monitoring of the health of workers».



The shorten life expectancy in workers in relation to different histological types of lung cancer and absorbed dose to lungs from Plutonium-239
Аннотация
The assessment of the effect of incorporated Plutonium-239 on the life expectancy in Mayak PA employees was executed on the basis of the analysis of the mortality rate and the age of death in relation to different histological types of lung cancer as lungs is one of the main organs of deposition of the nuclide. 2321 male workers of Mayak PA employed in 1948-1958 (1709 deceased and 612 alive) were included in the analysis. For different histological types, the values of the decline of life expectancy (proportion of workers that failed to attain the age of 65 years and potential years of life lost) in Mayak PA workers that had died from lung cancer were assessed in relation to incorporated Plutonium-239. As a result of the study of the reduction in the life expectancy, the increase in the number of workers that failed to attain the age of 65 years and the gain in potential years of life lost in Mayak PA workers that had died from lung cancer with absorbed dose to lungs from Plutonium-239 exceeding 1cGy was observed in relation to all the known histological types of lung cancer such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and other epithelial neoplasms. However, according to the relative risk for changes observed, these effects were three times more clearly marked in the case of adenocarcinoma in comparison to other histological types of lung cancer. Such significant decline in the life expectancy in the case of adenocarcinoma was detected by both the increased mortality rate and a larger amount of untimely deaths i.e. the decreased age of the death. The comprising of life expectancy in the case of squamous cell carcinoma was less significant and was mostly detected relying upon the increased mortality rate and non-reliable trend for untimely deaths. In relation to other types of epithelial cancer, the decline in life expectancy was approximately the same as in the case of squamous cell carcinoma, though in contrast to the latter it was determined due to the increased mortality rate only. The results obtained lay the foundation for the basis for, in the first place, the comparative quantitative assessment of the contribution of increased mortality and untimely death rate to the decline in life expectancy in relation to different histological lung cancer types among Mayak PA workers, and, in the second place, for evaluation of health damage based on person-years of life lost.



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Buccal micronucleus cytome assay in the system of the hygienic evaluation of learning conditions of students of different faculties of the same university
Аннотация
The article presents the results of the second fragment of the complex genetic and psychological examination of 177 students of the chemical (CD) and economic (ED) departments of the Russian D.I. Mendeleev Chemical-Technological University. The design of the whole work included the analysis of conditions, socio-economic characteristics and the quality of life, multi-parameter psychological testing (177 students) and the buccal micronucleus cytome assay (146 students). The results of the first stage of the study showed the state of health and emotional state of the students not to be affected by the socio-economic factors that were taken into account, but the determined ones were: on CD, the duration of weekly laboratory work and, in both departments, the attitude of students to their future specialization. The purpose of this publication is to test the hypothesis of the relationship between the status of genome instability determined by the micronucleus test on buccal epithelium cells, the current exposure to chemical compounds during the work in the chemical laboratory, the presence of diseases, the influence of socioeconomic factors and the state of the emotional sphere. The research is a priority. In young men trained in CD, the total frequency of cells with micronuclei and cells with nuclear buds was demonstrated to be significantly greater in comparison with young men studying at EF. In contrast, the frequency of cells with the pyknosis of the nucleus was higher in young men from the EF. At both departments, the frequency of cells with condensed chromatin in the nucleus in young men was higher than in girls and was directly related to the practical work time in the chemical laboratory (hour/week). The frequency of micronucleated cells was shown to be associated with the student’s emotional state and the frequency of cells with the pycnosis of the nucleus was related with the way of life (mobile or sedentary).



PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
The experimental study of the preventive treatment with Viburnum sargentii K. and Eleutherococcus on the composition of fatty acids in phospholipids components of erythrocyte membranes exposed to intoxication with nitric oxides
Аннотация
There are presented results of the study of the impact of intoxication with nitrogen oxides on to the fatty acids pattern of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of erythrocyte membrane in rats. The inhalation exposure with nitrogen oxides was carried out in inoculating chamber with the volume of 100 liters and designed according to the type of chambers by Kurliandsky B.A. with self-cleaning of contained air and regenerating system, specified temperature setttings (20–22°С) and the air humidity (40–60%). Intoxication by nitrogen oxides was performed during 6 minutes with a toxicant concentration of 4.3 mg/cu.m. (MAC in atmospheric air amount to 0.4 mg/m3). Water solutions of dry residue from viburnum extract “Kaliphen” and Eleutherococcus extract (alcohol was anticipatorily removed from preparations by evaporating in a vacuum) were administered daily through the tube intragastrically during 2 weeks in a dosage of 100 mg of total polyphenols per kg of body weight prior to intoxication by nitrogen oxides. The influence of nitrogen oxides was found to be accompanied by the elevation of the level of saturated fatty acids of all kinds and by the decline in unsaturated fatty acids content in the fatty acids pattern of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the main structural phospholipids of biomembranes. The redistribution of fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane supposes the changes of its physicochemical properties, lability, and the complexity of the erythrocyte passage through the microvascular bed. Herbal polyphenol preparations Kaliphen and Eleutherococcus improved the survival rate of animals under the preventive administration before intoxication with nitrogen oxides. The introduction of extracts before intoxication is accompanied by the pronounced trend to the restoration of the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids of erythrocytes membranes. The preventive administration of Kaliphen before intoxication with nitrogen oxides was supposed to offer more pronounced protection of the fatty acids pattern of phospholipid fractions than those following the introduction of Eleutherococcus. The preventive administration of herbal extracts with polyphenol complexes in its contents under exposure to toxic substances is considered to be a the promising direction for research.


