Том 98, № 12 (2019)

Introduction. On the basis of monitoring data for 2005-2017, the analysis of the ecological and hygienic situation in the territory of the Bryansk region was carried out and the integral index of pollution of territories was derived. Ranking of territories was carried out taking into account pollution of air, water, food by chemical and radioactive substances.

Material and methods. Monitoring of environmental pollution, method of expert estimations, the coefficient of concordance, integral index of pollution.

Results. The study identified anthropogenic pollutants of the areas, the most disadvantaged areas, and relatively clean areas. The degree of pollution of each territory was established on the basis of an integral index. The proposed method for ecological and hygienic ranking of territories allowed systematically assessing the state of the environment.

Conclusion. According to the results of the research, it can be confirmed that the main sources of impact on the environment of the region are vehicles and construction enterprises, as well as the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Risk assessment for public health was carried out taking into account the real risk of human exposure to ecotoxicants coming from all objects of the environment, using the method of expert assessments and an integral index assessing the total pollution and taking into account the level of pollution of air, water, food chemicals, and radioactive substances. New approaches to the ecological and hygienic characteristics of the territories can be recommended for a comprehensive assessment of the environment, the development of predictive assessments of the negative impact of man-made environmental pollution on public health, management of risk factors for the development of environmentally-dependent pathology in the population in areas with different levels of man-made pollution.

Introduction. The proposed criteria for the sanitary-bacteriological assessment of the quality of tap water must ensure its epidemic safety. In conditions of intensive bacterial contamination of water bodies, a special role is played by the barrier function of water treatment plants in relation to infectious agents. The overall quality of microorganisms is the pronounced resistance in the aquatic environment, primarily resistance to a number of chlorine-containing disinfectants, which guarantee the preservation of the population in drinking water undergone a water treatment system. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other possible ways of disinfection, such as ultraviolet irradiation.

Determination of the effective dose of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection against bacterial, viral and parasitic contamination of drinking water.

Material and methods. Tap water was used as model water for research. The effectiveness of UV irradiation with doses of 25, 40, 60 mJ/cm² against microorganisms was studied.

Results. In the course of the work, it was established that the UV disinfection technology with a dose of at least 25 mJ/cm² can be recommended as a disinfection method when used in conjunction with chlorination.

Conclusion. In water treatment technology, a dose of at least 25 mJ/cm² of UV irradiation can be recommended as a method of disinfecting water in case of microbial contamination by bacteria and viruses at a concentration not exceeding nˑ10² cells/virions in 100 ml, and at a concentration of microbiological contamination nˑ10³ cells/virions in 100 ml of water, the use of UV disinfection can be recommended only in conjunction with chlorination and with the provision of indices on the residual chlorine in the distribution network before serving to the consumer. The presented scheme will increase the barrier role of water treatment facilities with respect to viral and bacterial contamination, provide a prolonged decontamination effect, contributing to the suppression of bacterial growth in breeding nets and limit the level of parasitic water contamination during water treatment.

Introduction. The use of anti-icing materials (AIM) in winter, along with useful functions, is accompanied by negative consequences of their impact on environmental objects (EO) and indirectly on human health. At present, the toxic properties of many anti-icing agents (AIM) included in AIMs have been studied, and a number of positions of their impact on environmental protection are monitored. The main utilization of the snow mass is carried out through stationary snow-alloy points (SAP). This event is associated with a high load on environmental protection, especially on water bodies, and requires information on toxicity, intake dynamics, composition of pollutants, including those included in the AIM.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of AIM in the nature of water pollution in SAP treatment systems and the degree of possible contamination of open water bodies, in particular, rivers.

Material and methods. The samples of the snow collected from the territory of the city of Moscow for further melting were delivered to the stationary snow-alloy points of the State Unitary Enterprise “Mosvodostok”; water samples from the tanks where the treatment takes place; and wastewater samples were taken before discharge into the river. Chemical analytical methods and a wide range of bio testing methods were used.

Results. Through the snow-alloy points as part of the snow mass, the anti-icing materials fall into the reservoirs and rivers of the city of Moscow. This is accompanied by an increase in the number of related elements (Zn>1.0 mg/l, etc.) and easily soluble salts (the mineralization reaches 4830 mg /l).

In the waters of rivers, electrical mineralization in some cases reaches the maximum permissible value (1000 mg/l) or slightly exceeds this value (1125 mg/l). An excess is established for a number of elements, both the main components of the AIM and the associated components (Zn, Fe, Al, etc.). Methods of biological control with the involvement of biotests in some cases confirm the presence of a negative effect.

Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of the quality of soil cover in the cities located in the mountainous areas of the Trans-Urals in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the study was the soil of lands for various purposes in cities of Uchaly, Sibay, and Baymak. In the study of soils of industrial zones, there were taken samples adjacent to the dumps and tailing dumps of mining production at a distance of up to 500 m. In the recreational zone there were included the territories of parks, in the residential zone - all micro-districts where the population of the city resides. There were investigated territories of collective gardens located near sources of pollution.

Material and methods. The gross content of heavy metals and their mobile forms extracted from the soil of ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.8 were determined by atomic absorption. Generally accepted ecological values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and regional geochemical background (RGF) were used to estimate the degree of soil pollution. To assess the degree of soil pollution, the total ZC index was calculated using the formula proposed by Yu. E. Saet.

Results. As a result of the study, in all studied samples of the soil excess of MPC on gross forms on the content of Cu, Zn, in some cases, Mn, Cd, Co was revealed. Calculations of the General norm of Zc showed urban soil lands of all types of purpose by gross content to belong to the category of permissible pollution. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in all the studied cities is higher in soils for industrial purposes. Increased level of mobile forms of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd was revealed in all studied soil samples. The soils of the residential zone of Baymak according to the content of mobile forms belong to the moderately dangerous category of pollution, the rest of the studied soils had an acceptable category of pollution. In the cities of Sibay and Uchaly, the territories adjacent to the quarry dumps belong to a particularly dangerous category of pollution.

Conclusion. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in urban areas of the Mountainous region of the Republic of Bashkortostan is determined by the type of destination of urban land. The most polluted are the soils of industrial zones located in close proximity to mining enterprises. The ecological danger of pollution is that in this zone there is a part of residential neighborhoods with knots, as well as garden cooperatives, where potatoes, vegetables and fruit and berry crops are grown.

Введение. Применение противогололёдных материалов (ПГМ) помимо непосредственного влияния на здоровье человека может воздействовать на него косвенно, ухудшая состояние объектов окружающей среды, в том числе и состояние почвы. По данным литературы, регулярное применение ПГМ вдоль автомобильных дорог приводит к формированию техногенных почвенных аномалий повышенного содержания солей, распределённых по вертикальному и горизонтальному профилям. Высокое солесодержание обусловливает увеличение миграционной способности сопутствующих поллютантов – тяжёлых металлов, переводя их в подвижные формы. Изучение миграционных процессов токсикантов является одной из гигиенически значимых задач нормирования. Таким образом, целью настоящего исследования является изучение влияния суммарной нагрузки противогололёдных материалов на почвы.

Материал и методы. Изучено влияние твёрдого ПГМ нитратной группы, в состав которого входят (NН₂)₂СO, Mg(NO₃)₂ и NH₄NO₃, с различной степенью нагрузки на верхний корнеобитаемый слой дерново-подзолистой и городской почв для установления их поглотительной способности и миграции солей в нижележащие горизонты в модельном эксперименте.

Результаты. Установлено, что в водных фильтратах содержится значительное количество катионов кальция (Ca²⁺) по сравнению с контролем. Процесс вымывания кальция наиболее интенсивно происходит в антропогенно преобразованной городской почве, которая в большей степени подвержена антигололёдной нагрузке.

Заключение. Таким образом, зональная (дерново-подзолистая) почва обладает большей аккумулирующей способностью к компонентам ПГМ и низкой буферной активностью в сравнении с городской почвой. Учитывая специфические особенности почвенных процессов под воздействием компонентов ПГМ, возникает опасность вторичного загрязнения грунтовых вод. В связи с этим система мониторинга качества почв должна учитывать комплексный подход, а профилактические мероприятия по оздоровлению городских почв необходимо планировать, предусматривая неизбежность применения ПГМ в зимний период в целях обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения.

Introduction. Modern education of children is one of the most rapidly changing systems, actively using modern capabilities of information and communication technologies and e-learning tools. Information and communication technologies increase the load on the visual, auditory analyzers, the nervous system and contribute to the development of overwork in children. The use of digital media is becoming increasingly widespread, not only in school, before and in preschool education. To substantiate the concept and integrated system of the hygienic safety of electronic educational content and children’s life in conditions of hyper-informatization, physiological and hygienic studies are required.

Materials and methods. In order to develop the scientific foundations and technologies for ensuring the hygienic safety of children in the “Digital School”, an expert-analytical study was carried out based on the results of representative hygienic observations and non-randomized controlled studies with Contribution of volunteers.

Results. Studies of childhood hygiene allowed justifying the modern system of hygiene and health care of children and adolescents in a hyper-informational society, including criteria of the hygienic safety, including in the editorial, intended for children and adolescents; sanitary rules and norms of ensuring the hygienic safety of the new generation; federal recommendations of medical support of students in the conditions of using information and communication technologies; federal guidelines for students ’mental health and well-being; recommendations to the family in the field of ensuring the safety of children’s life in a digital environment; recommendations to producers and distributors of content in the field of ensuring the medical, psychological and pedagogical safety of children’s life, including the age marking of information products; gaming educational and educational programs on the rules for the safe use of children on the Internet; a system for monitoring the effectiveness of hygienic safety policies and protecting children from negative information in a hyper-information society.

Conclusion. The developed system and technologies for ensuring the hygienic safety of the “Digital School” are significant for the medical and preventive basis of the health saving of students in the Decade of Childhood in Russia (2018-2027).

Introduction. Currently, in connection with the large-scale introduction of the electronic educational resource in the educational process, it is especially relevant to search for optimal characteristics of presenting information on screens, taking into account the specifics of the electronic devices and age-related physiological features of the users’ visual system.

The aim of the study was a physiological hygienic assessment of the impact of the font design of e-texts, presented on a laptop, on the psychophysiological state of students in grades 10-11.

Material and methods. Psychophysiological testing of 43 schoolchildren in grades 10-11 without pathology of the vision organ was carried out on the NS-Psychotest complex, including the method of critical flicker fusion frequency to assess the state of the central part of the visual analyzer and the response to a moving object to determine the degree of the balance in nervous processes. The influence of reading illogical texts typed by a school headset was studied with a font size of 14, 12 and 10 points and a one-time reading of 200, 400 and 600 characters. Laptop Lenovo IdeaPad 720S-15 was used for the presentation of information.

Results. High-grade schoolchildren were established to have the initial fatigue both of the visual analyzer and the nervous system as a whole. Boys showed better indices of the critical flicker fusion frequency than girls. Most schoolchildren had a balanced type of the inhibition and excitement processes. Methods of presenting information in electronic textbooks were shown to affect the psychophysiological state of high schoolchildren and may carry risks to their health. The hygienically rational design of electronic educational texts promotes the optimization of the psycho-functional state of the high schoolchildren’s body.

Conclusion. The obtained results allow substantiating hygienic requirements for the font design of e-learning publications at the third stage of education.

Introduction. Currently, there is a number of works aimed at studying the effect of carbon nanotubes (UNT), including single-walled (oUNT), on the body and there are studies to find means to reduce their toxic effects, such as compounds with antioxidant properties.

Material and methods. In fifteen groups of animals there were studied intragastric effects of two weeks with the count at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg and a single dose of 5mg/kg, as well as complex with vitamins A and E (AE) at a dose of 25.3 mg/kg on the small intestine of male Wistar rats, and in the same batch of animals three months later.

Results. In a two-week experiment under the influence of oUNT in doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg there was shown the dose dependence on indices of reducing the number of normal villi with an increase in the number of destructured ones, whereas three months later among the destructured villi were increased in number with apical necrosis. After a single exposure of oUNT at a dose of 5mg/kg three months later, there also was increased the number of villi with apical necrosis. Two-weeks exposure of AE reduced the number of normal villi, increasing the number of degraded forms, and three months later the number of villi with apical necrosis increased. Two-weeks complex exposure of AE and oUN at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg reduced the number of normal villi with an increasing number of destructured ones; three months later, as well as with other effects, the pathology developed, increasing the number of villi with apical necrosis.

Introduction. The world practice of solving environmental problems has shown the effectiveness of modern environmental quality management schemes based on the analysis and risk management.

Material and Methods. The use of risk assessment and analysis methodology allows obtaining quantitative characteristics of the possible damage, to compare the potential effects of radiation and chemical factors and to determine priority sources of danger. The main directions of the practical use of results of assessment of the risk arising from the impact of chemicals polluting the environment are: ranking of residential areas according to the levels of health risks from the studied factors, planning and evaluation of the results of social and hygienic monitoring (SHM), including the correction of planning and implementation, taking into account the priority sources of environmental pollution, the priority adjustment of sources of risks posING the greatest threat to public health.

Results. Approaches to the research on the comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk and damage to public health from ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens in various environmental objects have been developed. The results of studies in the locations of nuclear facilities in the Sverdlovsk region, the Kola Peninsula, the Voronezh region, the Krasnoyarsk territory, and the Leningrad region indicate to a much greater impact of the chemical risk factor on the population health compared to the radiation one. The primary environment of health risks in multimedia risk assessment is the air, what should be considered when developing regional environmental policies.

Conclusion. The conducted studies have shown Contribution of nuclear power facilities to the formation of man-made risk to public health to be negligible and by orders of magnitude smaller than Contribution of risk from facilities emitting harmful chemicals. Atmospheric air is the main environment for the formation of health risks in the multimedia exposure to chemicals. Therefore, measures aimed at improving the quality of air should be regarded as a priority for the implementation of measures to preserve public health. The obtained results allow detecting the priorities of the policy in the field of health protection and sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population and contribute to the development of a strategy for further environmentally acceptable socio-economic development of the studied regions.

Introduction. Low quality of endoscope treatment is one of the main risk factors for HAI during endoscopic manipulations. Special equipment is widely used to increase quality and safety of healthcare during the treatment of flexible endoscope. However, to confirm the efficiency of such equipment it is necessary to carry out laboratory experimental studies.

Material and methods. A prototype model of domestically developed Device intended for carrying out the stages of final cleaning and high-level disinfection (HLD) of flexible endoscopes was used during research, utilizing the samples of agents with various active ingredients. Flexible endoscopes were used as testing devices. Donor blood was utilized for imitation of organic contamination. Mycobacterium terrae test microorganism culture was used for artificial contamination of testing devices.

Results. As a result of studying the efficiency of final cleaning and HLD of flexible endoscopes in the Device after them being used once, negative azopyram samples were identified in all endoscope swabs; also, no growth of test microorganism was registered.

During the studies of HLD efficiency in case of multiple use of functional solutions treatment efficiency was registered for 6-8 cycles. After the 12th treatment cycle characteristic growth of test microorganism is observed in the swabs. Efficiency of endoscopes’ decontamination in case of multiple use of a disinfectant based on peroxyacetic acid was confirmed during a work shift after 8 cycles; the decrease of disinfecting agent (DA) concentration by more than 10 times was registered during the shelf life of the functional solution on day 5.

Conclusions. Studies indicate the necessity to research the efficiency of devices’ use to determine the conditions ensuring efficiency and safety of healthcare during endoscopic interventions.