Volume 98, Nº 12 (2019)

Capa

PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES

Occupational risk assessment methods and their information support

Bukhtiyarov I., Bobrov A., Denisov E., Eremin A., Kur’Erov N., Losik T., Pochtareva E., Prokopenko L., Rybakov I., Stepanyan I., Fesenko M., Chesalin P.

Resumo

The digital transformation of the economy and society prompts the renewal of methods in occupational health as well. There are outlined fundamentals of the draft revision of the “Guidelines for the Assessment of Occupational Risk to Employee Health. Organizational and methodological foundations, principles and criteria for the assessment». R 2.2.1766-03. The draft contains methods of occupational risk (OR) assessment supplied with information materials and software for working on the Internet in real-time. Algorithms and models for calculating the probability of impairment of health according to data of the Special Assessment of Working Conditions (SAWC) as well as causation algorithms - work-relatedness assessment according to data of periodic medical examinations (PME) for the validity of risk assessment from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine are presented. There are set out methods for calculating the probability of the formation of occupational diseases (OD) of the main nosological forms from the exposure of noise, hand-arm and whole-body vibration, heat and cool microclimate, fibrogenic dusts, physical labor (local, regional and general loads), strenuous work, standing work with the likelihood of varicose lower veins limbs, multi-factor exposure and low-back pain. Risk assessments for the reproductive health of workers are also discussed. The models are based on the documents of the WHO, ILO, ISO, domestic and foreign literature data that meet the principles of evidence-based medicine. The problems of work-related diseases (WRD) - the concept of WHO (1987) -basics of etiology, qualitative and quantitative criteria for causation, models of consensus and evidence-based medicine, as well as projects for integrated work on the detection systems for WRD in the European Union countries are considered. Single-digit indices of working conditions and health problems, moral harm caused to an employee suffering from OD or WRD. Hygienic recommendations to employers on OR management, prevention priorities, the role of personal protection equipment, the basics of corporate health promotion programs, and ethical and economic aspects are described. The calculation methods are provided by the software of the electronic online reference book “Occupational Risk” (URL: http://medtrud.com/) in order to ensure evidence-based decisions of hygienists. In conclusion, a turning point in occupational health is noted: a decrease in the detection of traditional ODs without compensation by the number of OD and WRD from new technologies, materials and risk factors; this problem requires urgent action.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1327-1330
pages 1327-1330 views

Optimization of radiation doses to patients in x-ray diagnostics

Okhrimenko S., Ilin L., Korenkov I., Morozov S., Birukov A., Gombolevskiy V., Prokhorov N., Lantukh Z., Rizhov S., Soldatov I., Fomin A.

Resumo

Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics.

Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups.

Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage.

Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types – man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups.

Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1331-1337
pages 1331-1337 views

Methods of evaluation of the sanitary-ecological condition of territories

Geger E., Zolotnikova G., Kaptsov V.

Resumo

Introduction. On the basis of monitoring data for 2005-2017, the analysis of the ecological and hygienic situation in the territory of the Bryansk region was carried out and the integral index of pollution of territories was derived. Ranking of territories was carried out taking into account pollution of air, water, food by chemical and radioactive substances.

Material and methods. Monitoring of environmental pollution, method of expert estimations, the coefficient of concordance, integral index of pollution.

Results. The study identified anthropogenic pollutants of the areas, the most disadvantaged areas, and relatively clean areas. The degree of pollution of each territory was established on the basis of an integral index. The proposed method for ecological and hygienic ranking of territories allowed systematically assessing the state of the environment.

Conclusion. According to the results of the research, it can be confirmed that the main sources of impact on the environment of the region are vehicles and construction enterprises, as well as the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Risk assessment for public health was carried out taking into account the real risk of human exposure to ecotoxicants coming from all objects of the environment, using the method of expert assessments and an integral index assessing the total pollution and taking into account the level of pollution of air, water, food chemicals, and radioactive substances. New approaches to the ecological and hygienic characteristics of the territories can be recommended for a comprehensive assessment of the environment, the development of predictive assessments of the negative impact of man-made environmental pollution on public health, management of risk factors for the development of environmentally-dependent pathology in the population in areas with different levels of man-made pollution.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1338-1341
pages 1338-1341 views

ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE

Determination of standardized doses of ultraviolet disinfection of water from bacterial, viral and parasitic contamination

Rakhmanin Y., Zagainova A., Artemova T., Gipp E., Kuznetsova K., Kurbatova I., Gritsyuk O., Novozhilov K., Aslanova M., Maniya T., Fedets Z., Nedachin A., Dmitrieva R., Doskina T., Abramov I., Zhuravlev P.

Resumo

Introduction. The proposed criteria for the sanitary-bacteriological assessment of the quality of tap water must ensure its epidemic safety. In conditions of intensive bacterial contamination of water bodies, a special role is played by the barrier function of water treatment plants in relation to infectious agents. The overall quality of microorganisms is the pronounced resistance in the aquatic environment, primarily resistance to a number of chlorine-containing disinfectants, which guarantee the preservation of the population in drinking water undergone a water treatment system. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other possible ways of disinfection, such as ultraviolet irradiation.

Determination of the effective dose of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection against bacterial, viral and parasitic contamination of drinking water.

Material and methods. Tap water was used as model water for research. The effectiveness of UV irradiation with doses of 25, 40, 60 mJ/cm2 against microorganisms was studied.

Results. In the course of the work, it was established that the UV disinfection technology with a dose of at least 25 mJ/cm2 can be recommended as a disinfection method when used in conjunction with chlorination.

Conclusion. In water treatment technology, a dose of at least 25 mJ/cm2 of UV irradiation can be recommended as a method of disinfecting water in case of microbial contamination by bacteria and viruses at a concentration not exceeding nˑ102 cells/virions in 100 ml, and at a concentration of microbiological contamination nˑ103 cells/virions in 100 ml of water, the use of UV disinfection can be recommended only in conjunction with chlorination and with the provision of indices on the residual chlorine in the distribution network before serving to the consumer. The presented scheme will increase the barrier role of water treatment facilities with respect to viral and bacterial contamination, provide a prolonged decontamination effect, contributing to the suppression of bacterial growth in breeding nets and limit the level of parasitic water contamination during water treatment.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1342-1348
pages 1342-1348 views

Content of mercury in hair of the population of the geochemical province

Rafikova Y., Semenova I., Khasanova R., Suyundukov Y., Kutliahmetov A.

Resumo

Introduction. A large number of gold and pyrite deposits are located on the territory of the Trans-Ural zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB). A characteristic concomitant component of ores of deposits of this kind is mercury. For the extraction of gold by amalgamation, metallic mercury was also used, which accumulated in the tailings and dumps of the runner gold recovery plants and came from them into the environment.

Material and methods. To study the age and sex characteristics of the content of mercury in the hair of the inhabitants of the area. In the period from 2013 to 2018. an analytical transverse uncontrolled study was conducted, in which 279 clinically healthy residents of the Trans-Ural zone of the RB. A sampling of hair was carried out according to standard WHO methodology from the back of the head. Chemical-analytical studies of samples were carried out in the licensed laboratory of the Center for Biotic Medicine (Moscow) by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0, with p<0.05, the differences were assessed as statistically significant. 

Results. The distribution of mercury in the hair of the examined individuals (102 men and 177 women) differed from the normal. The median (Me) content of mercury in the hair of the studied individuals was 0.072 µg/g for men and 0.122 µg / g for women, which does not exceed the indices for the Republic of Bashkortostan (0.58 and 0.47 µg/g for men and women, respectively). 1.4% of children, 2.3% of adolescents and 13.2% of adult residents had an increased risk of health.

Conclusion. As a result of the study, elevated concentrations of mercury were found in the hair of a number of residents of the Trans-Ural zone of Bashkortostan, which requires greater control over the level of heavy metals in the air, soil, water, food and measures to reduce the risk to public health.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1349-1354
pages 1349-1354 views

Assessment of the impact of anti-icing materials on the characteristics of sewage water disposal centralized system

Voronina L., Kesler K., Balagur L., Donerian L., Ushakova O., Karpenko Y., Vodyanova M.

Resumo

Introduction. The use of anti-icing materials (AIM) in winter, along with useful functions, is accompanied by negative consequences of their impact on environmental objects (EO) and indirectly on human health. At present, the toxic properties of many anti-icing agents (AIM) included in AIMs have been studied, and a number of positions of their impact on environmental protection are monitored. The main utilization of the snow mass is carried out through stationary snow-alloy points (SAP). This event is associated with a high load on environmental protection, especially on water bodies, and requires information on toxicity, intake dynamics, composition of pollutants, including those included in the AIM.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of AIM in the nature of water pollution in SAP treatment systems and the degree of possible contamination of open water bodies, in particular, rivers.

Material and methods. The samples of the snow collected from the territory of the city of Moscow for further melting were delivered to the stationary snow-alloy points of the State Unitary Enterprise “Mosvodostok”; water samples from the tanks where the treatment takes place; and wastewater samples were taken before discharge into the river. Chemical analytical methods and a wide range of bio testing methods were used.

Results. Through the snow-alloy points as part of the snow mass, the anti-icing materials fall into the reservoirs and rivers of the city of Moscow. This is accompanied by an increase in the number of related elements (Zn>1.0 mg/l, etc.) and easily soluble salts (the mineralization reaches 4830 mg /l).

In the waters of rivers, electrical mineralization in some cases reaches the maximum permissible value (1000 mg/l) or slightly exceeds this value (1125 mg/l). An excess is established for a number of elements, both the main components of the AIM and the associated components (Zn, Fe, Al, etc.). Methods of biological control with the involvement of biotests in some cases confirm the presence of a negative effect.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1355-1362
pages 1355-1362 views

Verification of an optimal list of monitored indices to provide safe water use on the example of the Moscow River

Manaeva E., Zholdakova Z., Mamonov R., Belyaeva N., Gollandtseva A.

Resumo

Introduction. According to the legislation, the water quality of reservoirs should be monitored not only by one index for all water bodies of the country but also according to the priority list pollution specific for a particular region. However, the choice of priority pollution is not always correct.

The aim of the work is to develop proposals for optimizing the list of monitored water quality indices of a water body using the example of the Moscow River.

Material and methods. The studies are conducted in two stages: a retrospective analysis of the results of three-year observations of the quality of water in the Moscow River and its tributaries of the three controlling organizations (the Analytical Laboratory of the Department for Environmental and Environmental Safety, Mosvodokanal and Mosvodostok); and own research of the water quality of the rivers Moscow and Gorodnya. The article does not present the results of extended studies of the content of organic chemical compounds in water. mean, median and maximum values were determineв by statistical methods.

Results. Indices are constantly exceeding standards: pH, suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, COD, BOD, sodium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, nickel, cadmium, lead, ammonium ion, phosphate ion, and chloride ion.

Conclusion. It is proposed recommendations to optimize the list of monitored indices:

  • include mercury in the mandatory list;
  • It should be conducted additional research if the standards of organoleptic indices, COD and BOD are exceeded;
  • exclude mineralization, total hardness, potassium and magnesium from constantly controlled indices;
  • increase the frequency of monitoring the content of calcium and sodium in water in the winter-spring period;
  • oblige enterprises to transfer samples at the legislative level for research to an independent, unified laboratory;
  • carry out continuous monitoring of the purity of the water of the Moscow River directly at the site of the release of wastewater for pollution sources of all types, as well as at the mouths of small rivers, flowing into the Moscow River within the city.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1363-1369
pages 1363-1369 views

The environmental danger of pollution of soils of urban territories of the mining region

Khasanova R., Suyundukov Y., Semenova I., Rafikova Y., Seregina Y.

Resumo

Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of the quality of soil cover in the cities located in the mountainous areas of the Trans-Urals in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the study was the soil of lands for various purposes in cities of Uchaly, Sibay, and Baymak. In the study of soils of industrial zones, there were taken samples adjacent to the dumps and tailing dumps of mining production at a distance of up to 500 m. In the recreational zone there were included the territories of parks, in the residential zone - all micro-districts where the population of the city resides. There were investigated territories of collective gardens located near sources of pollution.

Material and methods. The gross content of heavy metals and their mobile forms extracted from the soil of ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.8 were determined by atomic absorption. Generally accepted ecological values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and regional geochemical background (RGF) were used to estimate the degree of soil pollution. To assess the degree of soil pollution, the total ZC index was calculated using the formula proposed by Yu. E. Saet.

Results. As a result of the study, in all studied samples of the soil excess of MPC on gross forms on the content of Cu, Zn, in some cases, Mn, Cd, Co was revealed. Calculations of the General norm of Zc showed urban soil lands of all types of purpose by gross content to belong to the category of permissible pollution. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in all the studied cities is higher in soils for industrial purposes. Increased level of mobile forms of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd was revealed in all studied soil samples. The soils of the residential zone of Baymak according to the content of mobile forms belong to the moderately dangerous category of pollution, the rest of the studied soils had an acceptable category of pollution. In the cities of Sibay and Uchaly, the territories adjacent to the quarry dumps belong to a particularly dangerous category of pollution.

Conclusion. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in urban areas of the Mountainous region of the Republic of Bashkortostan is determined by the type of destination of urban land. The most polluted are the soils of industrial zones located in close proximity to mining enterprises. The ecological danger of pollution is that in this zone there is a part of residential neighborhoods with knots, as well as garden cooperatives, where potatoes, vegetables and fruit and berry crops are grown.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1370-1375
pages 1370-1375 views

Current issues of anti-epidemic and ecological safety of passenger objects of railway transport

Vilk M., Sinitsyna O., Sachkova O., Konoval I.

Resumo

Rail transport is recognized in the world as one of the most environmentally friendly modes of transport. It connects numerous regions and districts of the country, ensures the vital activity of all sectors of the economy, the implementation of social programs, economic and national security of the state, actively affects the development of interregional and international relations. However, rail passenger facilities are objects of mass concentration of people, and in this connection there is an “unfavorable” combination of the main epidemiological factors, such as an increased risk of simultaneous infection of a large number of people and the rapid spread of infectious diseases. To ensure comfortable and safe conditions for the passage of passengers and the work of road fitters, it is necessary to improve the system of anti-epidemic and environmental safety. The improvement of the system of anti-epidemic and environmental safety of passenger railway transport facilities was carried out in the following areas: the creation of advanced rolling stock with the availability of modern life support systems; the introduction of environmentally friendly toilet facilities, installations for cleaning and disinfecting air and water in rolling stock and at station complexes; development of modern technologies for disinfection, disinsection and disinfestation; substantiation of the use of modern technology for the collection and disposal of solid household waste; the use of modern safe polymer-containing construction and finishing materials with complex characteristics of hygienic, fire-prevention and environmental safety; ensuring biological safety in the event of emergency situations in railway transport; development of occupational health and safety requirements for railway workers. Also, in order to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, work is underway to reduce the anthropogenic impact through the modernization of rolling stock and engineering structures. In particular, work is underway to transfer boilers to heating with ecological fuel, promising passenger rolling stock is produced and operated with a centralized power supply.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1376-1379
pages 1376-1379 views

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

Experimental evaluation of the migration of anti-icing materials into the water

Ushakova O., Vodyanova M., Donerian L., Tribis L., Sbitnev A.

Resumo

Введение. Применение противогололёдных материалов (ПГМ) помимо непосредственного влияния на здоровье человека может воздействовать на него косвенно, ухудшая состояние объектов окружающей среды, в том числе и состояние почвы. По данным литературы, регулярное применение ПГМ вдоль автомобильных дорог приводит к формированию техногенных почвенных аномалий повышенного содержания солей, распределённых по вертикальному и горизонтальному профилям. Высокое солесодержание обусловливает увеличение миграционной способности сопутствующих поллютантов – тяжёлых металлов, переводя их в подвижные формы. Изучение миграционных процессов токсикантов является одной из гигиенически значимых задач нормирования. Таким образом, целью настоящего исследования является изучение влияния суммарной нагрузки противогололёдных материалов на почвы.

Материал и методы. Изучено влияние твёрдого ПГМ нитратной группы, в состав которого входят (NН2)2СO, Mg(NO3)2 и NH4NO3, с различной степенью нагрузки на верхний корнеобитаемый слой дерново-подзолистой и городской почв для установления их поглотительной способности и миграции солей в нижележащие горизонты в модельном эксперименте.

Результаты. Установлено, что в водных фильтратах содержится значительное количество катионов кальция (Ca2+) по сравнению с контролем. Процесс вымывания кальция наиболее интенсивно происходит в антропогенно преобразованной городской почве, которая в большей степени подвержена антигололёдной нагрузке.

Заключение. Таким образом, зональная (дерново-подзолистая) почва обладает большей аккумулирующей способностью к компонентам ПГМ и низкой буферной активностью в сравнении с городской почвой. Учитывая специфические особенности почвенных процессов под воздействием компонентов ПГМ, возникает опасность вторичного загрязнения грунтовых вод. В связи с этим система мониторинга качества почв должна учитывать комплексный подход, а профилактические мероприятия по оздоровлению городских почв необходимо планировать, предусматривая неизбежность применения ПГМ в зимний период в целях обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1380-1384
pages 1380-1384 views

HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Scientific bases and technologies of security hygienic safety of children in the «digital school»

Kuchma V., Sukhareva L., Stepanova M., Chramtsov P., Aleksandrova I., Sokolova S.

Resumo

Introduction. Modern education of children is one of the most rapidly changing systems, actively using modern capabilities of information and communication technologies and e-learning tools. Information and communication technologies increase the load on the visual, auditory analyzers, the nervous system and contribute to the development of overwork in children. The use of digital media is becoming increasingly widespread, not only in school, before and in preschool education. To substantiate the concept and integrated system of the hygienic safety of electronic educational content and children’s life in conditions of hyper-informatization, physiological and hygienic studies are required.

Materials and methods. In order to develop the scientific foundations and technologies for ensuring the hygienic safety of children in the “Digital School”, an expert-analytical study was carried out based on the results of representative hygienic observations and non-randomized controlled studies with Contribution of volunteers.

Results. Studies of childhood hygiene allowed justifying the modern system of hygiene and health care of children and adolescents in a hyper-informational society, including criteria of the hygienic safety, including in the editorial, intended for children and adolescents; sanitary rules and norms of ensuring the hygienic safety of the new generation; federal recommendations of medical support of students in the conditions of using information and communication technologies; federal guidelines for students ’mental health and well-being; recommendations to the family in the field of ensuring the safety of children’s life in a digital environment; recommendations to producers and distributors of content in the field of ensuring the medical, psychological and pedagogical safety of children’s life, including the age marking of information products; gaming educational and educational programs on the rules for the safe use of children on the Internet; a system for monitoring the effectiveness of hygienic safety policies and protecting children from negative information in a hyper-information society.

Conclusion. The developed system and technologies for ensuring the hygienic safety of the “Digital School” are significant for the medical and preventive basis of the health saving of students in the Decade of Childhood in Russia (2018-2027).

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1385-1391
pages 1385-1391 views

Effects of genome instability in lymphocytes and buccal epitheliocytes of children from the city with big pulp and paper industry

Yurchenko V., Ingel F., Urtseva N., Krivtsova E., Akhaltseva L.

Resumo

Introduction. Analysis of literature has shown genotoxicants (mutagens and carcinogens) to be present in the atmospheric emissions of pulp and paper industry (PPI). Moreover, among PPI workers from different countries, there was identified an additional risk of cancer, which suggests its high probability among residents of the cities where the PPI is located. The recognized index of genotoxic effects is an increased level of genome instability, which is determined, in particular, in the micronucleus test.

The scope of the study - the comparative analysis of the effects of genomic instability in the two tissues - blood lymphocytes cultured with Cytochalasin B, and buccal epithelial cells in the second grade school children (8-9 years old, boys and girls), whose schools were located at different distances from the pulp and paper mill.

Material and methods. The study was carried out in the city of Koryazhma, the Arkhangelsk Region (42000 citizens), where the pulp and paper plant as the city-forming industry was located. For the analysis, we subdivided the territories on which the schools were located, into 3 groups according to their distance from the pulp and paper mill. The effects of genomic instability were determined by cytome analysis in the micronucleus test.

Results. Cytome analysis of cultivated lymphocytes demonstrated that levels of genome instability indices (including cell frequencies with micronuclei and nucleoplasm bridges, apoptosis, as well as changes in the spectrum of cell populations) to decrease along with the rising the distance between the pulp and paper mill and schools where the children go. In buccal epithelial cells, the manifestations of genomic instability effects were less systematic, which did not allow making a definitive conclusion. At the same time, in both tests, gender differences in the results of cytome analysis were revealed (for example, the alteration of frequency of lymphocytes with genetic damage dependence on the distance between schools and the PPI was more pronounced among boys).

Conclusion. According to the results of this study and taking into consideration the data of literature, we hypothesized that the discovering of gender dimorphism in the effects of genome instability may indicate the presence of toxic and/or genotoxic compounds in an environment.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1392-1401
pages 1392-1401 views

Hygienic evaluation of the font design of electronic texts presented on a laptop

Kuchma V., Sankov S., Barsukova N.

Resumo

Introduction. Currently, in connection with the large-scale introduction of the electronic educational resource in the educational process, it is especially relevant to search for optimal characteristics of presenting information on screens, taking into account the specifics of the electronic devices and age-related physiological features of the users’ visual system.

The aim of the study was a physiological hygienic assessment of the impact of the font design of e-texts, presented on a laptop, on the psychophysiological state of students in grades 10-11.

Material and methods. Psychophysiological testing of 43 schoolchildren in grades 10-11 without pathology of the vision organ was carried out on the NS-Psychotest complex, including the method of critical flicker fusion frequency to assess the state of the central part of the visual analyzer and the response to a moving object to determine the degree of the balance in nervous processes. The influence of reading illogical texts typed by a school headset was studied with a font size of 14, 12 and 10 points and a one-time reading of 200, 400 and 600 characters. Laptop Lenovo IdeaPad 720S-15 was used for the presentation of information.

Results. High-grade schoolchildren were established to have the initial fatigue both of the visual analyzer and the nervous system as a whole. Boys showed better indices of the critical flicker fusion frequency than girls. Most schoolchildren had a balanced type of the inhibition and excitement processes. Methods of presenting information in electronic textbooks were shown to affect the psychophysiological state of high schoolchildren and may carry risks to their health. The hygienically rational design of electronic educational texts promotes the optimization of the psycho-functional state of the high schoolchildren’s body.

Conclusion. The obtained results allow substantiating hygienic requirements for the font design of e-learning publications at the third stage of education.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1402-1407
pages 1402-1407 views

Features of the elemental composition of whole blood in children’s population of the Western Ural

Zaitseva N., Ulanova T., Veikhman G., Stenno E., Nedoshitova A.

Resumo

Introduction. The element composition of blood is the most relevant index in biomonitoring studies to assess public health risks. The authors determined the elemental composition of the whole blood in 100 the unexposed children residing in the West Ural region using the ICP-MS method and standard biomonitoring methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO). This study allows for improving the comparability and reliability of the analysis results, as well as to supplement information on human biomonitoring for various territories of the Russian Federation. A comparative assessment of the contents of vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, strontium, cadmium, thallium and lead with reference concentrations used in national programs for human biomonitoring (BMC) of European countries and the United States was made.

Material and methods. The authors determined mass concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Tl, and Pb by ICP-MS in conformity with Methodical Guidelines 4.1. 3230-14 (FR.1.31.2014.17064) developed by the authors. The article contains setting parameters for quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma (Agilent 7500cx), the optimal sample preparation scheme for eliminating the “matrix” effect. The operating mode of the mass spectrometer with a response/collision cell to mitigate interferences and the choice of internal standards is justified. The sample preparation of whole blood was made by acid dissolution followed by centrifugation. The detection limits (LOD) for each element are calculated.

Results. The results are presented in the form of basic statistics: minimum and maximum values, arithmetic mean (AM), geometric mean (GM), 5, 50, 95 percentiles and interpreted in accordance with modern international requirements. The geometric mean (GM) of element content in blood amounted to 0.11 µg/l (V); 5.34 µg/l (Cr); 13.1 µg/l (Mn); 3.15 µg/l (Ni); 854.7 µg/l (Сu); 4655.0 µg/l (Zn); 0.13 µg/l (As); 84.97 µg/l (Se); 28.0 µg/l (Sr); 0.28 µg/l (Сd); 0.05 µg/l (Tl); 18.63 µg/l (Pb). The validity of the results was confirmed by means of SERONORM TM Whole Blood L2 standard samples (Norway). The results of the study relied upon the 95 percentile (P95) can be used as approximate reference data as a basis for assessing the risk associated with exposure to metals.

Conclusion. Regional differences from levels found in other Europe countries (Italy, Norway) and the USA included higher concentrations of Mn, Cr and Ni and lower levels of Cu, Zn and Se in blood of children in the rural areas of the West Ural region. The optimal method for determining the content of essential and toxic elements in blood by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma has been substantiated and recommended for practical use (MG 4.1. 3230-14, FR.1.31.2014.17064).

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1408-1413
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FOOD HYGIENE

The effect of vitamins a and e on the structure of the small intestine of rats after two weeks and then three months following exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes

Belyaeva N., Vostrikova M., Demina N.

Resumo

Introduction. Currently, there is a number of works aimed at studying the effect of carbon nanotubes (UNT), including single-walled (oUNT), on the body and there are studies to find means to reduce their toxic effects, such as compounds with antioxidant properties.

Material and methods. In fifteen groups of animals there were studied intragastric effects of two weeks with the count at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg and a single dose of 5mg/kg, as well as complex with vitamins A and E (AE) at a dose of 25.3 mg/kg on the small intestine of male Wistar rats, and in the same batch of animals three months later.

Results. In a two-week experiment under the influence of oUNT in doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg there was shown the dose dependence on indices of reducing the number of normal villi with an increase in the number of destructured ones, whereas three months later among the destructured villi were increased in number with apical necrosis. After a single exposure of oUNT at a dose of 5mg/kg three months later, there also was increased the number of villi with apical necrosis. Two-weeks exposure of AE reduced the number of normal villi, increasing the number of degraded forms, and three months later the number of villi with apical necrosis increased. Two-weeks complex exposure of AE and oUN at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg reduced the number of normal villi with an increasing number of destructured ones; three months later, as well as with other effects, the pathology developed, increasing the number of villi with apical necrosis.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1414-1419
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Features of the micronutrient composition of the diet in tuberculosis patients affecting

Vilms E., Turchaninov D., Pasechnik O., Obukhova T., Demchenko V., Sokhoshko I., Shirinsky V.

Resumo

Introduction. The status of polyhypovitaminosis accompanying tuberculosis infection being widespread develops both as a result of the disease and side effects of drugs, and because of insufficient food intake.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the micronutrient composition of the diet of tuberculosis patients in the acute stage and healthy people in a comparative aspect.

Material and Methods. The method of analyzing the frequency of food consumption assessed the actual nutrition of tuberculosis patients in the acute stage (n = 300) and healthy residents of the region (n = 189). Data on the actual nutrition was collected using a standard questionnaire. In tuberculosis patients, nutrition was evaluated in the month preceding hospitalization. The consumption in the main product groups was calculated, the indices of the vitamin and mineral value of the diet were analyzed.

Results. In most patients, the profile of actual consumption was assessed as deficient for several vitamins and trace elements simultaneously. All the examined showed a deficiency in the diet of vitamin D, 80.7 ± 2.3% - vitamin A, 82.0 ± 2.2% - beta-carotene, 90.3 ± 1.7% - folic acid, 63, 7 ± 2.8% of biotin, 45.7 ± 2.8% of ascorbic acid,
49.0 ± 2.8% of vitamin B1, 53.3 ± 2.8% of vitamin PP. Calcium, iodine and selenium are also among the priority ones for the correction of micro- and macro-elements. Differences in the values of actual micronutrient intake were found: in patients with tuberculosis, the levels of beta-carotene, vitamins B2, pantothenic acid, C, D, biotin, choline, calcium, phosphorus are lower; above - consumption of sodium, fluorine, manganese.

Differences in micronutrient ration security are determined by unequal amounts of food groups consumed: the nutrition of tuberculosis patients is lower in terms of the content of fruits, dairy, meat products, eggs, and more bread products and drinks.

Conclusion. The features of the micronutrient composition of the diet of tuberculosis patients, which determine the need for their correction in the organization of medical nutrition, are established.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1420-1424
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HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

The experience of empirical research on comparative assessment of radiation and chemical health risks due to exposure to environmental factors

Novikov S., Shashina T., Dodina N., Kislitsyn V., Skovronskaya S., Matsuk A., Panchenko S., Arakelyan A.

Resumo

Introduction. The world practice of solving environmental problems has shown the effectiveness of modern environmental quality management schemes based on the analysis and risk management.

Material and Methods. The use of risk assessment and analysis methodology allows obtaining quantitative characteristics of the possible damage, to compare the potential effects of radiation and chemical factors and to determine priority sources of danger. The main directions of the practical use of results of assessment of the risk arising from the impact of chemicals polluting the environment are: ranking of residential areas according to the levels of health risks from the studied factors, planning and evaluation of the results of social and hygienic monitoring (SHM), including the correction of planning and implementation, taking into account the priority sources of environmental pollution, the priority adjustment of sources of risks posING the greatest threat to public health.

Results. Approaches to the research on the comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk and damage to public health from ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens in various environmental objects have been developed. The results of studies in the locations of nuclear facilities in the Sverdlovsk region, the Kola Peninsula, the Voronezh region, the Krasnoyarsk territory, and the Leningrad region indicate to a much greater impact of the chemical risk factor on the population health compared to the radiation one. The primary environment of health risks in multimedia risk assessment is the air, what should be considered when developing regional environmental policies.

Conclusion. The conducted studies have shown Contribution of nuclear power facilities to the formation of man-made risk to public health to be negligible and by orders of magnitude smaller than Contribution of risk from facilities emitting harmful chemicals. Atmospheric air is the main environment for the formation of health risks in the multimedia exposure to chemicals. Therefore, measures aimed at improving the quality of air should be regarded as a priority for the implementation of measures to preserve public health. The obtained results allow detecting the priorities of the policy in the field of health protection and sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population and contribute to the development of a strategy for further environmentally acceptable socio-economic development of the studied regions.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1425-1431
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POPULATION HEALTH

Population registries of non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation

Unguryanu T.

Resumo

Population registries consolidate information about cases of disease among the geographically limited population at the national, regional or municipal levels. The main tasks of registries are to monitor the levels of prevalence, to study risk factors, and to evaluate effectiveness of therapeutic or preventive measures. Currently, in the Russian Federation there is a lot of federal registries of various such diseases, like diabetes, cancer, congenital malformations, chronic skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, bronchial asthma, orphan diseases, and others. These registries allow obtaining the necessary information about the prevalence, clinical course of disease, its complications, associated conditions, socio-demographic characteristics of patients, effect of a particular treatment on the course and outcomes of the disease.The article provides information about cancer registry, county birth registry and injury registry in the Arkhangelsk region. The advantages and limitations of population registries for epidemiological studies are given. Using registries in epidemiological studies is based on complete data collection, saving resources, taking into account confounding factors that are accessible to entire population. Register-based research has a large sample size, which makes it possible to study rare exposures and outcomes. The long collection of information in time allows studying diseases with a long latent period after exposure. The limitations of the registry data for epidemiological study include the fact that data is collected by the registrar and not by the researcher. The registries don’t contain information about specific confounding factors, which doesn’t allow correcting them. It is difficult to assess quality of registry data, as there is no “gold standard” for the comparement with the registry database The exchange of data between registries should be promising, as it will combine efforts to achieve common scientific and organizational goals.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1432-1436
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Levels of h pylori antibodies and inflammatory markers in blood serum samples of Moscow residents

Khripach L., Knyazeva T., Zheleznyak E., German S., Zykova I., Zagainova A., Yudin S.

Resumo

Introduction. Helicobacter pylori (Hр) is considered usually as one of the factors in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer, and at the same time as protection from asthma, diabetes type II, and obesity. This study was carried out with a goal to evaluate possible linkage between the levels of circulating anti-Hp antibodies and inflammatory markers - IL-6, IL-8 and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) - in cross-sectional study of Moscow adults.

Material and Methods. Serum samples of Moscow working-aged residents (both gender, N=252) were used for evaluation of antibodies to lysate Hp antigen/recombinant CagA and cytokines IL-6, IL-8 with corresponding ELISA kits. MDA was determined by reaction with thiobarbituric acid.

Results. Standard correlation analysis didn’t reveal any significant association between the levels of circulating antibodies against the applied commercial antigens and the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MDA. Nevertheless, two parallel branches of the experimental points in seropositive area of anti-CagA/IL-8 scatterplot (but not for IL-6 and MDA variables) were clearly seen and correspond to two maximums at bimodal anti-CagA distribution. The data obtained are consistent with typical for CagA outstrip in IL-8 induction and testify the existence of two human genotypes having ~2-fold difference in antibody response but the same reactivity of CagA - IL-8 axis. Since CagA-positive IL-8 levels are of one order with CagA-negative ones (from another organs) and signs of concomitant oxidative stress were not revealed, the data obtained can be interpreted equally as early pathologic or actual symbiotic events.

Conclusion. Quantitative assessment of circulating anti-Hp antibodies, together with more detail mathematical analysis, will increase contributions of population studies to investigation of equilibrium between Hp and human organisms.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1437-1443
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METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

Improvement of methodic approaches to the evaluation of disinfecting equipment efficiency in the system of quality and safety assurance for endoscopic interventions

Skopin A., Gololobova T., Matveeva E., Ivanova A.

Resumo

Introduction. Low quality of endoscope treatment is one of the main risk factors for HAI during endoscopic manipulations. Special equipment is widely used to increase quality and safety of healthcare during the treatment of flexible endoscope. However, to confirm the efficiency of such equipment it is necessary to carry out laboratory experimental studies.

Material and methods. A prototype model of domestically developed Device intended for carrying out the stages of final cleaning and high-level disinfection (HLD) of flexible endoscopes was used during research, utilizing the samples of agents with various active ingredients. Flexible endoscopes were used as testing devices. Donor blood was utilized for imitation of organic contamination. Mycobacterium terrae test microorganism culture was used for artificial contamination of testing devices.

Results. As a result of studying the efficiency of final cleaning and HLD of flexible endoscopes in the Device after them being used once, negative azopyram samples were identified in all endoscope swabs; also, no growth of test microorganism was registered.

During the studies of HLD efficiency in case of multiple use of functional solutions treatment efficiency was registered for 6-8 cycles. After the 12th treatment cycle characteristic growth of test microorganism is observed in the swabs. Efficiency of endoscopes’ decontamination in case of multiple use of a disinfectant based on peroxyacetic acid was confirmed during a work shift after 8 cycles; the decrease of disinfecting agent (DA) concentration by more than 10 times was registered during the shelf life of the functional solution on day 5.

Conclusions. Studies indicate the necessity to research the efficiency of devices’ use to determine the conditions ensuring efficiency and safety of healthcare during endoscopic interventions.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(12):1444-1450
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