Volume 103, Nº 2 (2024)

Introduction. The presence of a specific odour in the ambient air in the areas where various enterprises are located with formal compliance with environmental legislation indicates the need to update the methodology of hygienic standardization of odourous substances.

The purpose of the work is to analyze modern methods of the establishment of standards for odourous complex multicomponent mixtures of substances in the atmospheric air and substantiate ways to harmonize them in this field of knowledge.

Materials and methods. The paper systematizes existing approaches to regulating the quality of atmospheric air in areas where odourous emissions sources are located, taking into account certain provisions of regulatory and methodological documents, publications on approaches, and criteria for quantitative sanitary and hygienic assessment of the quality of the environment and public health, as well as the authors’ long-term experience in this field.

Results. The basic principles of hygienic standardization of the permissible content of odorous mixtures of substances in the atmospheric air taking into account their odour are formulated. The substantiation of hygienic standards is carried out with the allocation of substances identified as priority (indicator), based on the results of studying the production technology and the formation of emissions, olfactory properties of the mixture under experimental conditions, with the possibility of monitoring the established standard in atmospheric air by certified instrumental methods of analysis.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are due to the fact that this article does not fully reflect the issues of the development of the entire atmospheric air quality management system taking into account the risk of odour outside the focus of this work, which will be covered in the preparation of the following articles.

Conclusion. The ongoing process of harmonization of domestic and foreign approaches used in hygienic standardization including the field of regulation of atmospheric air pollution by specific odours makes it necessary to significantly expand approaches to the issues of rationing and assessment of environmental pollution by complex multicomponent emissions of odour-source enterprises taking into account modern experience.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Kuzmin S.V. — research concept and design, article editing;
Budarina O.V. — research concept and design, material collection and processing, text writing;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — text writing, article editing;
Pinigin M.A. — research concept and design, article editing;
Dodina N.S. — collection and processing of the material, editing of the article;
Skovronskaya S.A. — collection and processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement.  The study was carried out within the framework of the state task No. 121090800064-5.

Received: December 11, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: March 15, 2024

The article contains an overview of regulatory standing orders devoted to the issues of methodological approaches to assessment and certification systems of reagents, materials, and technologies used in water treatment in Russia and abroad. When conducting a literature search, the following databases were used: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, RSCI, as well as a search method based on keywords and citations.

Reagents and materials used in water treatment must neither impair the organoleptic properties of water, support the growth of microorganisms, nor have a cytotoxic or mutagenic effect. Their safety assessment includes studies of impurities, chemical and physical properties, maximum doses, behaviour in water, transformation in different environments, migration, and cumulative effects. Reagents, equipment, and materials in many countries are subject to certification by various organizations and specialized laboratories. There are established procedures for their control, including procurement, inspection, handling, storage, and maintenance to ensure quality. At the same time, there is a number of differences: various criteria and standards are used to assess these parameters (from 0.1 MPC to MPC in the hood), and unlike methods. The research methodology, experimental conditions and methods for assessing the results obtained also differ significantly, which can lead to differences in the final results concluding permission and not permission for use in drinking water supply. Standardization of methods and criteria will provide an integrated and comprehensive approach to the selection of reagents and materials in contact with drinking water, eliminate existing contradictions, and help to unite the efforts of many organizations to create an optimal standardization option.

Contribution:
Alekseeva A.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting material and processing data, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Tyurina I.А. — collection of material and data processing;
Lebed-Sharlevich Ya.I. — collection of material and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: December 4, 2023 / Accepted: February 9, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024

Introduction. The presence of psychosocial risks at work is associated with problems of psycho-emotional and somatic health of workers. Currently in the Russian Federation, there are no validated tools for assessing and managing psychosocial risk that meet international standards.

The purpose of the study. linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Russian version of the Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire COPSOQ III, including testing of employees in various occupational fields.

Materials and methods. In accordance with international standards and rules of the COPSOQ International Network, there was carried out a procedure for linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire which included several stages: direct translation of all questions (146 items) of COPSOQ III from English into Russian; the formation of two independent direct translation options, on the basis of which the experts of the national group formed a preliminary Russian version of COPSOQ III; reverse translation of the preliminary version and harmonization of translations; discussion and formation of national versions of COPSOQ III (short, medium and long); creation of a test medium (standard) version of COPSOQ in Russian; surveying and interviewing employees of institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing for COPSOQ testing; approval of the final version of COPSOQ III in Russian.

Results. In the process of linguistic and cultural adaptation, there was formed the final version of the COPSOQ III questionnaire in Russian, equivalent to the original and corresponding to the ethnolinguistic features of the population. As part of the creation of the Russian-language version of the COPSOQ III questionnaire, it was tested by two hundred ninety employees of institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing in the Moscow region. Based on the results of a survey and interviews with employees, acceptable indicators of external validity and usability of the Russian version of the tool were established.

Limitations. The occupational groups studied are limited to voluntary research participants, the range of problems studied is limited to the questions of the questionnaire, quantitative and qualitative parameters: 290 respondents, departmental affiliation and features of corporate culture: employees of institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, sociocultural features: subjective perception of the questions and respondents’ doubts about the anonymity and confidentiality of the study.

Conclusion. In accordance with international rules and standards, in the process of linguistic and cultural adaptation, a Russian version of the COPSOQ III questionnaire has been developed. To use the Russian version of COPSOQ III in domestic practice and scientific research, it is necessary to assess its psychometric properties, objectivity, reliability, and specificity as part of the validation procedure.

Compliance with ethical standards. The protocol for linguistic and cultural adaptation of the COPSOQ III questionnaire was approved by local ethics committee of the F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center for Hygiene dated January 10, 2023 N 1-A.

Contribution:
Novikova A.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, analysis and interpretation of results, review of literature, preparation of the manuscript project;
Perevezentseva A.S. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, analysis and interpretation of results, review of literature, preparation of the manuscript project;
Shirokov V.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, analysis and interpretation of results, review of literature, preparation of the manuscript.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The study was carried out within the framework of the research project “Development of methodological approaches to substantiate the management of the risks of developing psycho-emotional disorders in workers under conditions of increased labor stress” (applied),
reg. No. PTNI 10230328001561-3.3.10, 20242025.

Received: December 08, 2023 / Revised: December 25, 2023 / Accepted: february 9, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024

In recent years, the range of publications concerning the high likelihood of teachers developing syndromes of professional burnout and professional destruction has been increasingly expanding. This trend is almost equally characteristic of most countries over the world: from Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia in Europe to China, Japan in Asia and Nigeria in Africa, and, over the last decade, in Russia. In other words, the problem under consideration is global in nature and depends little on the level of economic development of the country and its ethno-geographical characteristics.

Purpose of work. Study foreign and domestic scientific literature directly related to the problems of creating working conditions and their impact on the health in education workers.

The presented review is based on the publications of a number of domestic and foreign studies. The literature search was carried out using the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RSCI. A total of forty two publications were analyzed for the period from 2001 to 2022.

A systematic analysis of the world scientific literature was conducted on the management of events aimed at assessing the working conditions and health in teachers. The study examined various aspects related to the provision of medical care to education workers.

After evaluating the results of the study, it became clear that there is some discrepancy between reports in the field of psychology and hygiene. In the first group of works devoted to the psychological aspect, insufficient attention is paid to the study of working conditions and their impact on the health of teachers, despite the widespread prevalence of professional burnout syndrome among the teaching community. At the same time, in the second group of studies devoted to hygienic aspects, the role of psychosocial factors influencing the health of teachers is not sufficiently addressed.

Conclusion. In general, the analysis of the characteristics of working conditions and health of pedagogical workers allows concluding this topic to be relevant and in demand in the scientific world. It also highlights the need for further research and development in this area to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of related diseases.

Contribution:
Stepanov E.G. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, text writing;
Kaibyshev V.T. — data collection and processing, text writing;
Masyagutova L.M. — writing the text, editing;
Sadrtdinova G.R. — writing the text, selection and translation of literature.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 17, 2024 / Accepted: January 9, 2024 / Published: February March 15, 2024

There are presented and discussed documents regulating the ethical component of working with experimental animals and humans when examining public health, including documents regulating the use of genomic samples in clinical trials of drugs and the study of other factors in the human environment.

Contribution:
Revazova Yu.A. — concept and collection of literary data, writing the text;
Zhukova V.V. — collection of literary data;
Ilyushina N.A. — collection of literary data, writing the text;
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 16, 2024 / Accepted: February 9, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024

Introduction. Cadmium chloride is an inorganic compound containing cadmium, a heavy metal that is one of the active environmental pollutants today. Damage to organs in experimental animals due to cadmium poisoning is similar to that in humans. In this work, the activity of metallothionein and zinc transporters genes was studied in a chronic model of cadmium-induced poisoning in experimental animals.

Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out using seventy two individuals of white inbred rats of both sexes, the average weight of which was 215 g. Animals from four groups were injected with a solution of cadmium chloride in four different doses, respectively, individuals of the fifth group, the control group, received an equimolar volume of pure water. The objects of the study were the kidneys and livers of rats, removed after the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. Next, the activity of the Mt1A, Mt2A, Mt3A, Zip1 and Znt1 genes was analyzed in organ samples using real-time PCR.

Results. Significant increases in the expression multiplicity of Mt1A, Mt2A and Mt3A metallothionein genes in the kidneys at different doses of the toxicant were revealed. In liver samples, a decrease in the expression of the Mt2A gene was found in the experimental group exposed to cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (p<0.05). For the Znt1 gene in rat liver tissue, there was a statistically significant decrease in expression at a dose of 0.001 mg/kg (p<0.05) and, conversely, an increase at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Analysis of the level of transcripts of the Zip1 gene in the kidneys and liver after 6 months of inoculation with the toxicant in the presented doses did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups.

Limitations. Laboratory animals of the only biological species were used for the experiment. Four doses of the cadmium salt alone were evaluated.

Conclusion. The results obtained allow concluding that the level of expression of the Mt1A, Mt2A and Mt3A genes in the kidneys can play the role of a diagnostic marker in chronic poisoning with the toxicant under study.

Compliance with ethical standards. Date of the meeting of the bioethical commission of the Federal Budgetary Institution “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology” 12/11/2023 No. 01-12. Throughout the study, the animals were kept under standard conditions with 12 hours of artificial lighting during the day, a relatively constant level of humidity (30–70%) and an air temperature of 20–25 °C. Manipulations with all animals were carried out strictly in compliance with the rules prescribed in basic regulatory documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Declaration of Helsinki on the Humane Treatment of Animals.

Contribution:
Gizatullina A.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, text writing;
Valova Y.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Smolyankin D.O., Karimov D.D. — collection and processing of material;
Karimov D.O. — concept and design of the study, statistical processing;
Muhammadieva G.F. — editing;
Repina E.F. — concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare for 2021–2025. clause 6.1.9. "Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of the effects of toxic metals on the body and development of preventive measures".

Received: December 26, 2023 / Revised: January 29, 2024 / Accepted: February 29, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024

Introduction. The paper presents the results of the assessment of the risk to public health and the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic in a small town with a foundry.

Materials and methods. The objects of the study are the morbidity of the population of the Melenkovsky district of the Vladimir region and the soil cover of the city of Melenki. The assessment of the probable risk of morbidity is based on the determination of epidemiological risk indicators, the obtained values of which were converted into values normalized by the marginal error of the background level (Δ). Soil samples were taken in the zone of industrial enterprises, highways, residential private sector, landscape, and recreational areas. The soil cover was examined by X-ray fluorescence method for the evaluationof the content of heavy metals and arsenic.

Results. The study conducted to assess the probable risk allowed establishing in the Melenkovsky district, relative to the background regional values, children to have a very high risk for nine classes of diseases, adults to have a very high risk for 6 classes of diseases. There has been established the contamination of the soil of the city of Melenka with heavy metals and arsenic to be probably due to the specifics and duration of operation of the oldest enterprise in the city ‒ the foundry and mechanical plant. In the central part of the city, there have been identified local areas posing high health risks, which determines the need to manage permanent environmental and hygienic monitoring here. The greatest danger to public health is arsenic, whose concentrations in almost all sampling points exceed sanitary and hygienic standards.

The limitations of the study are related to one-time sampling and a small number of reference sites, which limits the possibilities of a broader interpretation of the data obtained.

Conclusion. It has been established that a city enterprise operating for a long time, due to soil contamination of the adjacent territory, can bear high risks to public health even during prolonged downtime or termination of its main activity. The chemical contamination of the soil in the territory adjacent to the foundry and mechanical plant, which is extremely dangerous in terms of the total indicator, requires special environmental measures to remove and further neutralize chemical elements. To reduce soil pollution in the city, there are required modernization of industrial enterprises and the creation of expanded sanitary protection zones around them.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of the Biomedical ethics committee.

Contribution:
Trifonova T.A. — concept and design of the study;
Martsev A.A. — research concept and design, data processing, text writing, final design;
Selivanov O.G. — data processing, text writing;
Kurbatov Yu.N. — laboratory research;
Rostunov A.O. — sampling and sample preparation.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 26, 2023 / Revised: October 24, 2023 / Accepted: February 9, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024

Лена Мирзаевна Карамова — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Академии наук Республики Башкортостан, академик Европейской академии естественных наук и Российской Академии Естествознания, Заслуженный врач Республики Башкортостан и Российской Федерации, Заслуженный деятель науки Республики Башкортостан, Почётный работник Госсанэпидслужбы России (2012 г.).