Vol 103, No 6 (2024)

Introduction. Air pollution over 2021 was associated with about 6.7 thousand additional deaths and almost 1.1 million additional cases of illness among the Russian population. Conducting an atmospheric air quality assessment for the subsequent selection of priority measures aimed at reducing its negative impact on public health is the main task of the Clean Air federal project.

The aim of the study is to assess the management of monitoring and air quality in the cities of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, and Ussuriysk before the implementation of the federal project “Clean Air”.

Materials and methods. The monitoring programs for atmospheric air quality, the results of laboratory studies for 2021 were used. The number, location of observation posts, volumes, frequency of sampling, a list of indicators, the total number of samples, the number of samples exceeding the MPC, average annual, maximum one-time concentrations of pollutants were analyzed.

Results. In Komsomolsk-on-Amur, atmospheric air quality monitoring was carried out at 4 stationary and 3 route posts, Ussuriysk — 1 mobile and 1 stationary post, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky — 1 stationary post. All studied cities are characterized by systematic excesses of hygienic standards for specific indicators. The level of air pollution in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur is assessed as very high, in the cities of Ussuriysk and Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky — low. Despite the low level of air pollution, these towns are characterized by systematic excesses of hygienic standards of some indicators.

Limitations. The study analyzed the management of monitoring and the results of laboratory studies of atmospheric air only in the cities of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Ussuriysk, Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky.

Conclusion. The existing monitoring system in the Ussuriysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky cities fails to allow an objective assessing of the quality of atmospheric air and its impact on public health. To objective evaluation of the impact of atmospheric air quality on the health of the population of the studied cities, measures to optimize the monitoring system were proposed.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Fedorov V.N. — concept and design of the study, statistical data processing, data visualization;
Kovshov A.A. — the concept of the study, collection of literature data, writing the text;
Tikhonova N.A. — collection of literature data, formation of a database;
Novikova Yu.A. — database formation, statistical data processing, text editing;
Kopytenkova O.I. — text editing;
Myasnikov I.O. — writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 30, 2023 / Revised: April 11, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. In connection with atmospheric air pollution by Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs), which have physical properties different from microparticles (MPs), it is relevant to identify the key features of the negative impact of Al₂O₃ NPs during long-term inhalation intake.

The aim of the study. Research and comparative assessment of bioaccumulation and negative effects associated with Al₂O₃ nano- and microparticles chronic inhalation intake the body in an experiment.

Materials and methods. The physical properties of Al₂O₃ NPs were studied in comparison with MPs. Using Wistar rats, the distinctive features of bioaccumulation and negative effects associated with chronic inhalation exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs at a concentration of 0.017 mg/m³ for 180 days were determined.

Results. Al₂O₃ NPs have a smaller size, larger specific surface area and total pore volume, which contributes to their greater penetrating activity through protective barriers compared to MPs. Due to this, with the same range of biodistribution organs, NPs have a higher degree of bioaccumulation. Exposure to NPs causes redox imbalance, cytolysis, hepatotoxic effect, disruption of the processes of excitation and inhibition of the nervous system, and thrombocytosis. When exposed to MP, less pronounced redox imbalance, cytolysis, and disruption of the process of neurotransmission of excitation were noted. NPs cause pathomorphological changes in the form of inflammation and impaired blood circulation in lung tissues, impaired blood circulation in the brain and liver. When exposed to MP, only the development of an inflammatory process in the lungs was established.

Limitations. The study was carried out only with chronic inhalation exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs and MPs on Wistar rats.

Conclusion. Al₂O₃ NPs have more pronounced bioaccumulation, a larger spectrum and degree of manifestation of negative effects in comparison with MPs. It is advisable to use the obtained results to improve the effectiveness of scientific substantiation of recommendations aimed at preventing and minimizing negative health effects associated with chronic inhalation exposure to Al₂O₃ NPs.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study was carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental or other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and the requirements of the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Public Health Risk Management (protocol No. 3 of 27.03.2018).

Contribution:
Zemlyanova M.A. — the concept and design of the study, processing of the material, editing, statistical processing;
Stepankov M.S. — collection of material, processing of material, writing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out at the expense of the federal budget.

Received: April 3, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. Railway transport is one of the leading branches of the national economy, though more than 50% of the railway employees have to undergo some occupational hazards [1]. In recent years, with the introduction of new technologies, significant changes have occurred in the rolling stock. Up to date research on the hygienic assessment of occupational conditions and schedule of railway employees is needed.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the occupational conditions and schedule of railway employees, and to identify the principal occupational hazards.

Materials and methods. The materials of the special assessment of the occupational conditions at workplaces in the divisions of the South-Eastern Directorate of Traction, as well as the results of the proper hygienic studies, including railway employees inquiry on occupational hazards (n=300). The analysis of the occupational conditions was carried out according to Guide No. 2.2.2006–05.

Results. According to the results of an objective assessment of occupational conditions of railway employees, the main occupational hazard is high work intensity. The second most important factor is noise. Profound hygienic studies show that such occupational hazards as vibration, electromagnetic field (EMF), dust, etc. should be paid more attention.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to their volume. The data of the special assessment of the occupational conditions and production control were used for the period of 2019–2023, the sample size of the respondents was 300 employees (2022).

Conclusion. According to the results of an objective assessment of occupational conditions of railway employees, the main occupational health risk factor is high work intensity accompanied by a shift work schedule. The second most important factor is noise. The results of the questionnaire are generally consistent with the results of the special assessment of occupational conditions of railway employees, but also indicate other occupational hazards the employees to undergo including vibration, gas and dust contamination, exposure to electromagnetic fields, the level of which generally meets the requirements of hygienic standards. The ranking of the railway employees was carried out, occupations at risk of developing general pathological syndromes were identified.

Compliance with ethical standards. The inquiry of respondents was conducted with their voluntary and informed consent, the conclusion of the ethical committee on Biomedical Ethics No. 34 from 05.04.2022.

Contribution of authors:
Kuzmin S.V. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the paper, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the paper;
Samodurova N.Yu. — data collection, material analysis, conclusions preparation, preparation and editing of the paper.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 28, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. Migrant workers are individuals who relocate from their country of origin to another to engage in economic pursuits. Working conditions, the work environment and process, lifestyle and habits of workers have an impact on the results of work and the health of workers. These factors are called risk factors and cannot be completely eliminated, but they can be controlled.

The aim of the study was to examine the actual factors affecting the health of migrant workers at the workplace.

Materials and methods. Eighty Korean compatriots from different countries who resides in “Korean Compatriot Village” were interviewed using a questionnaire. To analyze the survey results, the SPSS Statistics program, version 25, was used.

Results. Migrants who work more than 12 hours a day have worse health over time. Noise can cause health problems and diseases. Time for work and rest, work responsibilities affect weight gain and lead to health changes.

Limitation. Migrant workers weren’t asked about home country work experiences and start of work in Korean factories. The researcher didn’t know Korean factories well, hence detailed questions couldn’t be formulated.

Conclusion. Most respondents were young Korean compatriots who came to Korea to work. They experienced stress and fatigue due to the burden of responsibility and worry for their relatives. For elderly migrant workers it’s difficult to find work in home country and the problems with the musculoskeletal system occur due to their lack of work experience in such production and their advanced age.

Compliance with ethical standards. To conduct this study, it was necessary to survey migrant workers working in the village of Korean compatriots in Gwangju Metropolitan city through a questionnaire. All questions were uploaded into a Google form, and everybody was asked to choose an answer option from the list provided or write your own answer. It was stated in advance that responses to the questionnaire would be kept confidential and used for scientific purposes only, in accordance with Articles 33 and 34 of the Statistics Law and the Personal Information Protection Law of South Korea.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: December 3, 2023 / Revised: March 17, 2024/ Accepted: June 20, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. Health care professionals’ (HCP) occupational activity is associated with a highly intense psycho-emotional load.

The purpose of the study is to identify the basic strategies of stress-overcoming behaviour in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural spheres and the characteristics of defense mechanisms among nursing staff.

Materials and methods. An online study of coping strategies and defense mechanisms (DM) was carried out using E. Heim’s questionnaire, and method “Life Style Index”. The respondents were divided into two subgroups depending on the severity of emotional burnout (EB). Research results are displayed as median, upper and lower quartiles, and extensive indicators. The comparison of indicators was carried out using the χ² criterion, the relationship between characteristics was assessed using correlation analysis, and the structure of the DM was studied using the factor analysis.

Results. Non-constructive and relatively adaptive copings predominate in the structure of cognitive strategies among HCP with an average and high level of EB. Adaptive copings predominate among emotional strategies in HCP with an average level of EB, and non-adaptive and relatively adaptive in HCP with a high
EB level. Non-constructive copings were in the majority among HCP with a high level of EB. The dominant MD among HCP with an average level of EB are “denial”, “repression”, “reaction formation”, and “regression”, “intellectualization”, “reaction formation” in HCP with a high EB level. The distribution of the largest weight loads in the MD complex is not identical; the common feature is the presence of “regression”, “compensation” in the first factor, “repression”, “response formation” in the second, and “denial” in the third.

Limitations. The study is one-stage, performed with the participation of one occupational group.

Conclusion. Non-adaptive, relatively adaptive cognitive and behavioural coping strategies predominate in the structure of coping behaviour among HCP with different levels of EB. The combination of MD in HCP with different EB levels is a key subsystem of interrelated functioning protective mechanisms that ensure the preservation of mental homeostasis and the integrity of the individual.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was performed in accordance with ethical standards and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (conclusion No. 3 dated February 16, 2021, conclusion No. 5 dated March 21, 2023).

Contribution:
Pankov V.A. — concept and design of the study, collection of material, writing text, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Kuleshova M.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The work was performed within the funds allocated for the implementation of the State task for the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Received: March 25, 2024 / Revised: April 26, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. An imbalance of the fat component of the diet is one of the most common violations of the population nutrition in developed countries, leading to the risk of occurring nutrition-dependent pathologies due to hyperlipidemia and dyslipoproteinemia. A special role in the formation of risk is played by an excess of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids (TFA).

Materials and methods. Actual nutrition was studied by reproduction method with three times 24-hour recall. Based on the research results, the content of SFA and TFA was calculated, and their main sources were determined. Three hundred fourteen students of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University took part in the study. Gender and age groups of respondents were analyzed separately.

Results. The intake of SFA at the level of normal physiological needs was registered in only 7.6% of students. At the same time, 80% of respondents had a significant excess of both total fat and SFA; an adequate level of TFA intake was noted in 80% of students, and a significant excess of this indicator was registered only in 13.3% of respondents. A significant quantitative increase in SFAs was noted with the additional inclusion of processed products in the diet, including those with hidden fat. Excessive consumption of TFA is associated with the inclusion of rich confectionery products containing hydrogenated fats in the diet.

Limitations. The study has age and regional restrictions: young 18–29 years people living in the Moscow region, as well as restrictions on the analyzed indicators: SFA and TFA supplied with the diet.

Conclusions. A significant risk of developing nutrition-dependent non-infectious diseases is observed in 52.9% of respondents with an SFA content in the diet of more than 150% of the norm, and the maximum risk is in 13.3% of students receiving a combined excess of SFA and TFA. The results of the study confirm the need to correct the diets of students in terms of the fat component.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the standards set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association, approved by the local ethical committee of Sechenov University.

Patient consent. Each participant of the study gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal “Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)”.

Contribution:
Korolev A.A. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Lopukhova I.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing of material;
Nikitenko E.I., Kirpichenkova E.V., Denisova E.L. — review of literature data, analysis of the obtained results;
Onishchenko G.G. — the concept of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 15, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. Exposure to chemical and biological environmental factors is associated with the risk of realizing genetic predisposition to the development of asthenia and cancer-associated diseases, which determines the relevance of the search for genetic indicator markers of early abnormalities in mRNA structure in the context of modern threats and challenges to public health.

The aim of the study: characteristics of the expression of TLR4 and MMP9 genes modified by the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and benz(a)pyrene in children.

Materials and methods. We analyzed the polymorphism of MMP9 Gln279Arg (rs17576), TLR4 A8595G (rs1927911) genes, as well as the relative normalized expression level of MMP9 Hs00234579_m1 (20q13.12), TLR4 Hs00152939_m1 (9q33. 1) in whole blood cell culture both spontaneous and induced by 24 hour incubation with benz(a)pyrene and vaccine antigens (using SARS-CoV-2, 1.0±0.5•1011 particles as an example) in adolescents of 10–16-years.

Results. Benz(a)pyrene was found to have a potentiating effect on MMP9 expression and a suppressive effect on TLR4. The combination of benz(a)pyrene exposure with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigens “in vitro” resulted in differently directed effects depending on the genotype (polymorphism) of the genes under study. The ability of benz(a)pyrene and SARS-CoV-2 antigens to modify “in vitro” expression of MMP9, TLR4 candidate genes was shown, which allows considering genes and products of their expression MMP9 Hs00234579_m1 and TLR4 Hs00152939_m1 as indicator genes for early diagnosis of the development of asthenia and oncoproliferative states.

Limitations. Limitations of the study include the limited sample and scope of the pilot study.

Conclusion. The results of experimental studies ”in vitro” showed the ability of benz(a)pyrene and SARS-CoV-2 to modify the expression of genes of matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 Gln279Arg (rs17576) and toll-like receptor TLR4 A8595G (rs1927911), which allows considering transcripts Hs00234579_m1 and Hs00152939_m1 as criteria for the formation of asthenia in the course of viral infections (SARS-CoV-2) due to activation of the enzyme that destroys the extracellular matrix for AA wild-type and AG heterozygous genotype of the MMP9 Gln279Arg gene. In the case of heterozygous AG genotype of TLR4 A8595G gene, the combination of benz(a)pyrene and SARS-CoV-2 (26 serotype) leads to the formation of immunosuppression, which phenotypically may be accompanied by the development of oncoproliferative processes. MMP9 Hs00234579_m1 and TLR4 Hs00152939_m1 transcripts are recommended as markers of early disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2+benz(a)pyrene exposure.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was performed in compliance with the ethical requirements of the WMA Declaration of Helsinki, 2000 and the protocol of the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, 1999. The study was approved by the LEC of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Population Health Risk Management of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Protocol No. 23 of 20.12.2021). Informed consent was obtained for the study participants.

Contribution:
Zaitseva N.V., Dolgikh O.V., Letyushev A.N. — concept and design of the study, writing and editing of the text;
Kazakova O.A. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing and editing of the text;
Ganich T.S. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 4, 2024 / Revised: April 25, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. Selenium (Se) nanoparticles have attracted the interest of researchers for various applications due to their unusual properties. Despite their advantages, Se nanoparticles also have toxic effects, so for their successful use it is necessary to know the doses that are safe for the use. An important component in the development of pathological processes is the occurrence of DNA damage after exposure to Se nanoparticles, which can lead to severe disorders.

Materials and methods. Male white rats were orally administered a solution of Se nanocomposite at a dose of 500 µg/kg for 10 days. The genotoxicity of the nanocomposite under study was assessed by the occurrence of DNA damage in blood cells using the DNA comet method in the alkaline version. The results were obtained during 2 stages: one day after exposure and after 4 months to identify the persistence or absence of a negative effect.

Results. With using the DNA comet method, intragastric administration of Se nanocomposite was found to cause the damage to the DNA structure, and this effect persists not only 24 hours after exposure, but also 4 months later.

Limitations. The study is limited to the study of DNA fragmentation on the next day after a 10-day exposure to Se nanocomposite in male white rats and during the long-term period after 4 months.

Conclusion. The study revealed persistent DNA damage in the nucleated blood cells of male albino rats, which apparently may be associated with the main mechanism of Se toxicity: nonspecific replacement of sulfur in sulfur-containing amino acids. However, the toxic effects of the nanocomposite may also be caused by its pro-oxidant properties, which requires further confirmation.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (Protocol No.1 of 12/18/2017), conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), directive of the European Parliament and the Council Of the European Union 2010/63/EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Tyutrina V.A. — literature search, experiment, writing, statistical processing, article design;
Sosedova L.M. — concept, writing, discussion of relevance and results;
Titov E.A. — concept, experiment.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The work was carried out according to the research plan within the framework of the state task.

Received: March 13, 2024 / Revised: April 8, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection, lasted just over three years. Its end was announced in early May 2023. According to official data, the pandemic claimed 6.9 million lives worldwide, but it is believed that at least 20 million people were victims. The first wave of the pandemic was caused by a virus that spread from China. The virus mainly kills representatives of older age groups of the population and is characterized by a high degree of mutagenicity, which contributes to the emergence of new strains of the virus. The most aggressive and established in the population new strains of the virus spread and gave rise to the second wave of the pandemic, which turned out to be the longest. The third wave was caused by the most aggressive strain, spreading from India, and caused the greatest number of deaths.

Aim of the study was to identify the extent to which changes in the virus itself affected the gender and age mortality structure during the three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic observed between 2020 and 2021.

Materials and methods. The method of single factor analysis of variance was applied. The study was based on the data of the Operational Headquarters under the Government of Samara region, which were published daily with the indication of gender, age, and cause of each death.

Results. The analysis confirmed the influence of the virus variability factor on the age mortality structure at the significance level of p<0.05. Comparison of the diagrams of the shares of the selected age segments in the mortality of men and women in each of the pandemic waves clearly showed how the gender and age mortality structure changed. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the changes occurring in the virus itself, although not as significant, affected the mortality pattern, with male mortality being more affected than female mortality.

Conclusion. The result of the analysis of variance showed changes occurring in the virus itself to have an impact on the mortality structure, and on male mortality to a greater extent than on female mortality.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contributions:
Kuznetsova R.S. — concept and design of the study, statistical data processing, analysis and interpretation of data, writing and editing the text;
Lazareva N.V. — concept and design of the study, writing and editing the text;
Kudinova G.E. — literature search, material processing, data analysis and interpretation;
Rozenberg A.G. – literature search, material processing, writing and editing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was performed within the framework of the State assignment: Reg. No. 1021060107217–0-1.6.19.

Received: May 2, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

Introduction. The urgent task at hand is to establish a causal link between the occurrence of public health risks to the public and the impact of air pollution. To ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the public, it is important to consider the intake and distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. In addition to anthropogenic sources of pollution, it is also necessary to take into account natural sources.

The purpose of the work is to assess the influence of atmospheric pollution with formaldehyde and particulate matter on public health. Additionally, it aims to propose measures and recommendations to improve the environmental, health, and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Materials and methods. Quantitative chemical analyses of particulate matter (PM) and formaldehyde in atmospheric precipitation were performed using the gravimetric and fluorometric methods, respectively. The general trend of annual changes in the content of PM in the atmosphere is shown to be based on the results of a study of atmospheric precipitation and air. Data on morbidity in the population was obtained from annual government reports.

Results. A high correlation was found between general morbidity and atmospheric particulate matter for all population groups. However, formaldehyde was not found to be correlated with the general morbidity of the population, except for children, who may develop respiratory diseases under the influence of formaldehyde. Adults are the most vulnerable population to developing circulatory diseases, due to their high susceptibility to atmospheric particulate matter.

Limitations. The gradation of particulate matter into specific fractions (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) and <0.45 microns was not considered.

Conclusion. The level of formaldehyde in the air does not significantly impact the environment or the health of the general population. However, an increase in airborne particulate matter can create an unfavourable environmental condition that poses a threat to public health. Adult populations are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, as they have a high risk of developing cardiovascular system diseases that are highly dependent on the content of particulate matter in the air. To reduce this negative impact, a number of measures need to be implemented including expanding monitoring of atmospheric air quality to monitor particles with sizes of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, notifying the public about predictions of particulate matter concentrations; conducting in-depth scientific research on the biomedical impacts of particulate matter on human health.

Compliance with ethical standards. Research does not require the submission of a Biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Noskova T.V. — the concept and design, of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Gribanova O.G. — collection and processing of material, writing a text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The analysis of wet atmospheric precipitation was carried out as part of the state task IWEP SB RAS No. 0306-2021-0004.

Received: July 27, 2023 / Revised: May 16, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024

On September 21, 2024, the medical community celebrates the 150^th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, an outstanding manager of Russian healthcare, a scientist and teacher in the field of social hygiene. The results of his work in creating a new healthcare system in difficult conditions, one of the main principles of which is prevention, is highly appreciated by the World Health Organization and is known all over the world.

To study the main directions of the prevention of various diseases over the first half of the twentieth century, there were analyzed the scientific works of N.A. Semashko, located in the electronic scientific libraries eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, the Central Scientific Medical Library, and the Russian State Library.

N.A. Semashko considered prevention a priority in the activities of not only health professionals, but also other state and public organizations, as well as the citizens themselves in maintaining and strengthening their health. For its implementation, he recommended using various approaches, including improving the activities of sanitary organizations and medical institutions, developing dispensaries, the district principle of work, involving sanitary inspectors in joint activities with doctors and conducting health education of the population.

Conclusions. Justified by N.A. Semashko in scientific works and the main directions of preventive medicine implemented in practice contributed to the elimination of epidemics, a decrease in the level of morbidity and mortality of the population, and therefore this experience should be taken into account and used in modern conditions.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 5, 2023 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024