Hygienic regulation of harmful chemicals in water – a view through the prism of research by the A.N. Sysin Research Institute

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription Access

Abstract

The article is devoted to the history of hygienic regulation of harmful chemicals in water at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute, spanning several decades. The article details the stages of the development of the methodology for hygienic regulation of chemicals in water, starting from the first regulatory documents developed under the guidance of A.N. Sysin in the 1940s to an improved methodology that includes accelerated and in-depth toxicological experiments. The developed step-by-step regulation scheme for chemicals in water combines the experimental method of substantiating maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) based on organoleptic and general sanitary indicators of harmfulness with techniques that allow reducing the duration of toxicological studies where it is possible without loss of quality of the results.

There are considered modern approaches to predicting the toxicity of substances and their biotransformation, including the use of data mining methods and quantum chemistry.

Special attention is given to studying the issues of ensuring safe water use conditions for the population, the application of new chemical compounds in various industries, as well as the effectiveness and safety of reagents and technologies used in water purification and water treatment processes, including improving criteria and methods for studying the combined effects of substances. The results of studies on the transformation processes of substances under the action of various disinfecting agents are presented.

Many years of research by the Institute’s staff are reflected in the Methodological Guidelines for substantiating hygienic standards for chemicals in the water of household and drinking water bodies and recreational water use, Methodological Guidelines for assessing the safety of materials, reagents, and equipment used for water purification and treatment, and the development of hygienic standards for the content of chemicals in water. On this basis, modern main documents on the regulation of chemicals in the environment have been created.

Contribution:
Mamonov R.A. — concept and design of the study, text editing;
Lebed-Sharlevich Ya.I. — collection and processing of material, text writing;
Manaeva E.S. — collection and processing of material, text writing;
Pechnikova I.A. — text writing and editing;
Sinitsyna O.O. — generalization of data, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 19, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

About the authors

Roman A. Mamonov

Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency

Email: RMamonov@cspmz.ru

PhD (Medicine), head of the Department of Preventive Toxicology and Biomedical Research, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: RMamonov@cspmz.ru

Yana I. Lebed-Sharlevich

Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency

Email: YaSharlevich@cspmz.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher at the Department of Preventive Toxicology and Biomedical Research, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: YaSharlevich@cspmz.ru

Elizaveta S. Manaeva

Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency

Email: EManaeva@cspmz.ru

PhD (Biology), senior researcher at the Department of Preventive Toxicology and Biomedical Research, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: EManaeva@cspfmba.ru

Irina A. Pechnikova

Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency

Email: IPechnikova@cspmz.ru

PhD (Medicine), leading researcher at the Department of Preventive Toxicology and Biomedical Research, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: IPechnikova@cspmz.ru

Oksana O. Sinitsyna

Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing

Author for correspondence.
Email: sinitsyna.oo@fncg.ru

DSc (Medicine), professor, corresponding member of the RAS, Deputy Director for Scientific Work, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, Mytischi, 141014, Russian Federation

e-mail: sinitsyna.oo@fncg.ru

References

  1. Sinitsyna O.O., Kuznetsova O.V., Turbinskii V.V., Pushkareva M.V. Harmonization of hygienic standardization of chemicals in water by a general sanitary harmful index. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2024; 103(1): 81–6. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-1-81-86 https://elibrary.ru/tkmgdb (in Russian)
  2. Bashtan F.A., Nesmeyanov S.A., Chistyakov T.K. Permissible Concentrations of Toxic Substances in Water Bodies [Dopustimye kontsentratsii yadovityi veshchestv v vodoemakh]. Leningrad; 1941. (in Russian)
  3. Cherkinskii S.N. Hygienic regulation in the field of sanitary protection of water bodies. In: XIII All-Union Congress of Hygienists, Epidemiologists, Microbiologists, and Infectiologists [XIII Vsesoyuznyi s”ezd gigienistov epidemiologov, mikrobiologov i infektsionistov]. Leningard; 1959. (in Russian)
  4. Cherkinskii S.N. Sanitary Protection of Water Bodies from Industrial Wastewater Pollution: (Experimental Studies). Volume 1 [Sanitarnaya okhrana vodoemov ot zagryazneniya promyshlennymi stochnymi vodami: (eksperimental’nye issledovaniya). Vypusk 1]. Moscow; 1949. (in Russian)
  5. Cherkinskii S.N., Belyaev I.I., Gabovich R.D. Guidance on water supply hygiene [Rukovodstvo po gigiene vodosnabzheniya]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1975. (in Russian)
  6. Krasovskii G.H., Zholdakova Z.I. Experience in improving the organizational activities of the “Water Hygiene and Sanitary Protection of Water Bodies” section of the Problem Commission of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1982; 61(9): 48–51. https://elibrary.ru/wzrsgv (in Russian)
  7. Guide to Drinking Water Quality Control. Hygienic Criteria and Other Relevant Information. Volume 2 [Rukovodstvo po kontrolyu kachestva pit’evoi vody. Gigienicheskie kriterii i drugaya relevantnaya informatsiya. Perevod s angliiskogo]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1987. (in Russian)
  8. Hygienic Assessment of Harmful Substances in Water. Experience of Cooperation between CMEA Member Countries [Gigienicheskaya otsenka vrednykh veshchestv v vode. Opyt sotrudnichestva stran – chlenov SEV]. Moscow: CMEA Secretariat; 1987. (in Russian)
  9. Krasovskii G.N., Rakhmanin Yu.A., Egorova N.A. Extrapolation of Toxicological Data from Animals to Humans [Ekstrapolyatsiya toksikologicheskikh dannykh s zhivotnykh na cheloveka]. Moscow: Meditsina; 2009. (in Russian)
  10. Krasovskii G.H., Vatman Ya.I., Vitvitskaya B.R., Zholdakova Z.I., Zaitseva N.V., Korolev A.A., et al. Increasing the efficiency of research to substantiate the maximum allowable concentrations of substances in water based on a staged standardization scheme. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1983; 62(6): 24–7. https://elibrary.ru/wboean (in Russian)
  11. Sidorenko G.I., Krasovskii G.N., Zholdakova Z.I. On ways to increase the efficiency of research on hygienic regulation of harmful substances in water. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1979; 58(7): 18–24. https://elibrary.ru/wboecb (in Russian)
  12. Krasovskii G.H., Shafirov Yu.B., Zholdakova I.I., Vaisman Ya.I., Zaitseva N.V. Methodological scheme for the hygienic assessment of chemicals in water depending on the stages of technological development. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1980; 59(8): 39–43. https://elibrary.ru/vzpadf (in Russian)
  13. Krasovskii G.N., Zholdakova Z.I., Peshkov A.S., Kokh R., Shtrobel K., Dura D., et al. Express-experimental methods for predicting the toxicity of substances in water based on the scheme of phased standardization. In: Hygienic Assessment of Harmful Substances in Water: Experience of Cooperation among CMEA Member Countries [Gigienicheskaya otsenka vrednykh veshchestv v vode: opyt sotrudnichestva stran-chlenov SEV]. Moscow; 1987: 137–45. (in Russian)
  14. Zholdakova Z.I. Prediction of the toxicity of substances in water based on the structure – activity relationship. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1987; 66(7): 11–5. https://elibrary.ru/xasimx (in Russian)
  15. Zholdakova Z.I., Sinitsyna O.O., Polyakova E.E. The problem of stability and transformation in complex hygienic regulation of chemicals. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2002; 81(6): 73–7. (in Russian)
  16. Zholdakova Z.I., Kharchevnikova N.V. Prediction of the danger of substances based on the structure – biotransformation – activity relationship. Rossiiskii khimicheskii zhurnal. 2004; 48(2): 16–24. (in Russian)
  17. Krasovskii G.H., Zholdakova Z.I., Sanotskii I.V. Methodological foundations for standardizing substances in water and air considering long-term effects. In: Collection of Scientific Works «Hygienic Problems of Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Environmental Factors» [Sbornik nauchnykh trudov «Gigienicheskie problemy kantserogennogo i mutagennogo deistviya faktorov okruzhayushchei sredy»]. Moscow: Ministry of Health of the USSR. 1985; 104–16. (in Russian)
  18. Zholdakova Z.I., Kharchevnikova N.V., Kustova E.V., Sinitsyna O.O. Prediction of toxicity and danger in the problem of unified environmental and hygienic regulation of substances in the environment. Ekologiya cheloveka. 1996; (3): 16. (in Russian)
  19. Kharchevnikova N.V. Scientific basis for predicting the toxicity and danger of chemicals, taking into account the mechanism of toxic action: Diss. Moscow; 2011. https://elibrary.ru/qflwyv (in Russian)
  20. Zholdakova Z.I., Kharchevnikova N.V. A comprehensive system for predicting the toxicity and danger of substances based on the use of structure – biotransformation – toxicity relationships. Toksikologicheskii vestnik. 2013; 5(122): 33–7. (in Russian)
  21. Sinitsyna O.O. Hygienic assessment of the danger of emergency water pollution with unstable compounds using the example of acetone cyanohydrin and its transformation products: Diss. Moscow; 1994. (in Russian)
  22. Zholdakova Z.I., Mukhambetova L.X., Shekhter O.V., Sinitsyna O.O. Comparative assessment of the transformation processes of acetone cyanohydrin in the water of a model reservoir and in the body of laboratory animals. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1993; 72(12): 12–4. https://elibrary.ru/vvczaz (in Russian)
  23. Zholdakova Z.I., Sinitsyna O.O., Prismotrov Yu.A. Hygienic assessment of transformation processes of acetone cyanohydrin in an aquatic environment. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1994; 73(8): 18–20. https://elibrary.ru/vvdczh (in Russian)
  24. Kustova E.V. Hygienic assessment of the biological effects of polychlorinated biphenyl substitutes: Diss. Moscow; 1994. https://elibrary.ru/zlaodv (in Russian)
  25. Zholdakova Z.I., Kustova E.V., Khamidulina Kh.Kh. Toxicological and hygienic assessment of PCB substitutes. In: Medical Aspects of Environmental Protection [Meditsinskie aspekty okhrany okruzhayushchei sredy]. Moscow; 1991: 69–70. (in Russian)
  26. Sinitsyna O.O. Scientific basis of the system of regional regulation of chemicals in the environment, taking into account the complex effect on the body: Diss. Moscow; 2004. https://elibrary.ru/npwjsr (in Russian)
  27. Zholdakova Z.I., Sinitsyna O.O. Unified approaches to assessing the toxicity and danger of chemicals entering the body with air, water and food. Rossiiskii khimicheskii zhurnal. 2004; 48(2): 25–33. (in Russian)
  28. Polyakova E.E. Comparative hygienic assessment of the hazards of substances of industrial origin and their transformation products formed during water disinfection: Diss. Moscow; 2002. https://elibrary.ru/nhgxup (in Russian)
  29. Zholdakova Z.I., Polyakova Ye.Ye., Lebedev A.T. Comparative evaluation of health hazards associated with industrial chemicals and their derivates forming during water chlorination. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2006; (4): 17–22. https://elibrary.ru/hsyned (in Russian)
  30. Tulskaya E.A. Comparative hygienic assessment of polyelectrolytes used in public water supply practice: Diss. Moscow; 2004. https://elibrary.ru/nofcbt (in Russian)
  31. Tul’skaya E.A. Hygienic aspects of the use of high-molecular flocculants for drinking water purification. RET-info (RAT-Info). 2005; (1): 28–31. https://elibrary.ru/minvdr (in Russian)
  32. Tul’skaya E.A. Hygienic principles of sanitary-epidemiological supervision over the use of synthetic polyelectrolytes for drinking water purification. In: Results and prospects of scientific research on human ecology and environmental hygiene: Collection of works of the Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene [Itogi i perspektivy nauchnykh issledovanii po probleme ekologii cheloveka i gigieny okruzhayushchei sredy: Sbornik trudov NII ECh i GOS]. Moscow; 2002: 248–53. (in Russian)
  33. Zholdakova Z.I., Karamzin K.B., Tul’skaya E.A., Sinitsyna O.O., Belyaeva N.N., Kharchevnikova N.V. New information on the toxicity and hazards of chemical and biological substances: oxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (OHEDPA). Toksikologicheskii vestnik. 2003; (1): 48–9. https://elibrary.ru/vvddth (in Russian)
  34. Karamzin K.B. Comparative assessment of the toxicity and danger of reagents used in hot water supply systems: Diss. Moscow; 2007. https://elibrary.ru/njlotx (in Russian)
  35. Odintsov E.E. Development of methodological recommendations for the hygienic assessment of chemical disinfectants for swimming pool water using the example of polyalkylguanidines: Diss. Moscow; 2007. (in Russian)
  36. Zholdakova Z.I., Sinitsyna О.О., Tulskaya Ye.A., Odintsov Ye.Ye. Hygienic standards of chemicals for water sterilization in the swimming pools. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2007; 86(5): 76–80. https://elibrary.ru/ibnyzn (in Russian)
  37. Golovach E.N. Comparative hygienic assessment of photosensitizers and their phototransformation products using the example of methylene blue and choliniomethyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanine: Diss. Moscow; 2009. https://elibrary.ru/nqqsfv (in Russian)
  38. Sychyova L.P., Sheremetyeva S.M., Krivtsova Ye.K., Zhurkov V.S., Golovach Ye.N., Polyakova Ye.Ye., et al. Assessment of cytogenetic activity of methylene blue and products of its photo decomposition in a polyorganic micronuclear assay on rats. Toksikologicheskii vestnik. 2007; (1): 18–21. https://elibrary.ru/kvcobl (in Russian)
  39. Sinitsyna O.O., Zholdakova Z.I., Polyakova Ye.Ye., Golovach Ye.N., Sycheva L.P., Belyaeva N., et al. Comparative toxicity of photosensitizes in varying destruction. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2007; 86(5): 57–60. https://elibrary.ru/ibnywb (in Russian)
  40. Mamonov R.A. Hygienic assessment of the combined effect of the components of a binary mixture using the example of a preparation consisting of polyhexamethylene guanidine and alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride: Diss. Moscow; 2010. https://elibrary.ru/zobyfp (in Russian)
  41. Sinitsyna O.O., Mamonov R.A., Odintsov E.E., Belyaeva N.N. Drug “Dezavid”, Combined action of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and alkylbenzidylammonium chloride. Toksikologicheskii vestnik. 2009; (5): 39–40. (in Russian)
  42. Zholdakova Z.I., Kharchevnikova N.V., Sinitsyna O.O., Mamonov R.A. Principles of hygienic assessment of the combined effect of substances included in mixtures of constant composition. Dezinfektsiya. Antiseptika. 2010; 1(4): 52–60. https://elibrary.ru/ocbmdh (in Russian)
  43. Mamonov R.A., Zholdakova Z.I., Sinitsyna O.O., Yudin S.M., Pechnikova I.A. Complex of hazard criteria for improvement of hygienic standards list of chemicals in water. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2017; 96(11): 1099–102. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-11-1099-1102 https://elibrary.ru/yobwyv (in Russian)
  44. Zholdakova Z.I., Khrenova I.A., Sinitsyna O.O., Tul’skaya E.A., Belyaeva N.N., Mamonov R.A., et al. Comparative evaluation of safety and efficiency chlorinated cyanuric acid as water disinfectants. Dezinfektsionnoe delo. 2012; (2): 17–22. https://elibrary.ru/oyqmzx (in Russian)
  45. Pechnikova I.A., Sinitsyna O.O., Zholdakova Z.I., Mamonov R.A. Comparative assessment of the toxicity and danger of sym-triazines in water using derivatives of cyanuric acid and melamine as examples. In: Environment and health. Hygiene and ecology of urbanized areas. Materials of the VI All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation of Young Scientists and Specialists, Dedicated to the 85th Anniversary of the FSBI «Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene Named after AN Sysin» of the Ministry of Health of Russia [Okruzhayushchaya sreda i zdorov’e Gigiena i ekologiya urbanizirovannykh territorii Materialy VI Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem molodykh uchenykh i spetsialistov, posvyashchennoi 85-letiyu FGBU «NII ECh i GOS im AN Sysina» Minzdrava Rossii]. Moscow; 2016: 361–6. https://elibrary.ru/wpnvyj (in Russian)
  46. Pechnikova I.A. Comparative assessment of the toxicity and danger of sim-triazines in water using the example of cyanuric acid and melamine derivatives: Diss. Moscow; 2013. https://elibrary.ru/wpnvyj (in Russian)
  47. Manaeva E.S., Zholdakova Z.I., Mamonov R.A., Belyaeva N.I., Gollandtseva A.I. Verification of an optimal list of monitored indices to provide safe water use on the example of the Moscow River. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2019; 98(12): 1363–9. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-12-1363-1369 https://elibrary.ru/ocptsk (in Russian)
  48. Krasovsky G.N., Yegorova N.A. Harmonization of hygienic standards with the foreign requirements for the quality of drinking water. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2005; 84(2): 10–3. https://elibrary.ru/ojnqex (in Russian)
  49. Krasovsky G.N., Yegorova N.A., Bykov I.I. Methodology of harmonizing hygienic standards for water substances, and its application to improving sanitary water legislation. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2006; (4): 32–6. https://elibrary.ru/hsynfh (in Russian)
  50. Rakhmanin Yu.A., Krasovskii G.H., Egorova N.A., Mikhailova R.I. Harmonization of hygienic standards for chemical substances in water. Methods of conformity assessment. Metody otsenki sootvetstviya. 2013; (4): 14–8. https://elibrary.ru/qbgwjz (in Russian)
  51. Sinitsyna O.O., Khamidulina Kh.Kh., Turbinsky V.V., Trukhina G.M., Bashketova N.S., Gildenskiold O.A., et al. Hygienic regulation of various water types at the present stage. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2022; 101(10): 1151–7. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-10-1151-1157 https://elibrary.ru/erbcbg (in Russian)
  52. Fedotova L.A., Manaeva E.S., Sutunkova M.P. On the formation and development of the state environmental monitoring system (state environmental monitoring). Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya. 2023; 63(12): 766–73. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2023-63-12-766-773 https://elibrary.ru/obbkgs (in Russian)

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2025


СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.