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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1681-3456</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2969</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">707259</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rjpbr707259</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CEUPDJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern approaches to comprehensive rehabilitation of individuals with lower limb amputations due to combat trauma: analysis of the patent landscape and promising directions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные подходы к комплексной реабилитации лиц с ампутацией нижних конечностей вследствие боевой травмы: анализ патентного ландшафта и перспективные направления</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>战伤导致下肢截肢患者的综合康复现代方法： 专利格局分析与未来发展方向</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-1623</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2273-3667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokina</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокина</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mokina</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mokinana@mrik-fmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-3038</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2264-4351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Badalov</surname><given-names>Nazim G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бадалов</surname><given-names>Назим Гаджибала оглы</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Badalov</surname><given-names>Nazim G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>badalovng@mrik-fmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-2640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4540-9590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prilipko</surname><given-names>Nina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прилипко</surname><given-names>Нина Станиславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Prilipko</surname><given-names>Nina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>n_prilipko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2679-0357</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5338-2123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodin</surname><given-names>Konstantin S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородин</surname><given-names>Константин Станиславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Borodin</surname><given-names>Konstantin S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>razvitie.costya.borodin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской реабилитации и курортологии</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>214</fpage><lpage>223</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-07"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-30"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/707259">https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/707259</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Lower limb amputations due to combat trauma, primarily mine-blast wounds, are one of the most severe injury categories, requiring the development and implementation of comprehensive, multi-stage rehabilitation programs.</p> <p>This rewiew aimed to analyze the patent landscape and current scientific and medical approaches to the rehabilitation of patients with lower limb amputations due to combat injury in order to identify the most promising directions and provide a rationale for developing a full-cycle rehabilitation model.</p> <p>We analyzed patent documentation (the databases of the Federal Institute of Industrial Property, the Eurasian Patent Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Google Patents, and lens.org) and scientific and medical publications (PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka) for the period 2000–2026. The study focused on methods and devices used at all rehabilitation stages: stump preparation for prosthetic fitting, prosthetic rehabilitation, non-pharmacological (physical) methods, and psychopharmacological interventions.</p> <p>The analysis identified three key areas of patenting and scientific development. The first involves technologies aimed at preparing the stump for prosthetic fitting and improving prosthetic components. Identified developments address surgical preparation of the bone stump, custom socket fabrication using 3D printing and pressure sensors, and the creation of high-function prosthetic modules, including microprocessor-controlled knee joints and foot prostheses with improved biomechanics. The second area comprises non-pharmacological technologies, including the use of virtual reality with biofeedback for motor pattern restoration and phantom pain relief, mirror therapy, brain–computer interfaces, and a wide range of training devices for weight-bearing and maneuverability training. The third area covers methods for relieving post-amputation pain syndrome, where in addition to traditional pharmacotherapy, multimodal approaches are being actively developed using botulinum toxin therapy, neuromodulation, and psychotherapeutic techniques. Additionally, we performed a comparative analysis of international and Russian clinical guidelines and identified common principles and distinguishing features of the approaches.</p> <p>The analysis shows that the rehabilitation of patients with combat-related lower limb amputations is moving toward personalized and high-tech solutions. The most promising directions include the development of innovative methods for stump preparation with objective load monitoring, the creation of smart prostheses with adaptive control, the implementation of immersive technologies and brain–computer interfaces for neurorehabilitation, and the standardization of full-cycle rehabilitation protocols.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ампутация нижних конечностей вследствие боевой травмы, в первую очередь минно-взрывных ранений, представляет собой одну из наиболее тяжёлых категорий повреждений, требующих разработки и внедрения комплексных, многоэтапных программ реабилитации.</p> <p>Целью работы стало проведение анализа патентного ландшафта и современных научно-медицинских подходов к реабилитации пациентов с ампутацией нижних конечностей вследствие боевой травмы для выявления наиболее перспективных направлений и обоснования разработки модели полного цикла реабилитации.</p> <p>Выполнен анализ патентной документации (базы данных Федерального института промышленной собственности, Евразийской патентной организации, Всемирной организации интеллектуальной собственности, Ведомства по патентам и товарным знакам США, Google Patents, lens.org) и научно-медицинской литературы (PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka) за период 2000–2026 гг. Объектом исследования являлись способы и средства, применяемые на всех этапах реабилитации: подготовка культи к протезированию, протезирование, немедикаментозные (физические) методы, психофармакологическая коррекция.</p> <p>В ходе анализа выделены три ключевых направления патентования и научных разработок. Первое — технологии, направленные на подготовку культи к протезированию и совершенствование протезных компонентов. Выявлены разработки, касающиеся хирургической подготовки костной культи, индивидуализированного изготовления приёмных гильз с использованием 3D-печати и датчиков давления, а также создания высокофункциональных протезных модулей, включая микропроцессорные коленные суставы и протезы стоп с улучшенной биомеханикой. Второе направление представлено немедикаментозными технологиями, включая использование виртуальной реальности с биологической обратной связью для восстановления двигательных паттернов и купирования фантомных болей, зеркальную терапию, интерфейсы «мозг — компьютер», а также широкий спектр тренажёров и устройств для тренировки опороспособности и манёвренности. Третье направление охватывает методы купирования постампутационного болевого синдрома, где помимо традиционной фармакотерапии активно разрабатываются мультимодальные подходы с применением ботулинотерапии, нейромодуляции и психотерапевтических методик. Дополнительно проведён сравнительный анализ международных и российских клинических рекомендаций, выявлены общие принципы и отличительные особенности подходов.</p> <p>Анализ показывает, что реабилитация пациентов с боевой ампутацией нижних конечностей движется в сторону персонализированных и высокотехнологичных решений. Наиболее перспективными являются разработка инновационных методов подготовки культи с объективным контролем нагрузки, создание интеллектуальных протезов с адаптивным управлением, внедрение иммерсивных технологий и интерфейсов «мозг — компьютер» для нейрореабилитации, а также стандартизация протоколов полного цикла реабилитации.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>因战伤导致的下肢截肢，尤其是爆炸性损伤，是最严重的损伤类别之一，需要制定和实施复杂、多阶段的康复计划。</p> <p>本研究旨在分析专利格局和现代科学医疗方法，以确定最具前景的方向，并为开发完整的康复周期模型提供依据。</p> <p>分析了2000-2026年期间的专利文献（联邦工业产权局、欧亚专利组织、世界知识产权组织、美国专利商标局、Google Patents、lens.org数据库）和科学医学文献（PubMed、eLibrary、Cyberleninka平台）。研究对象为康复各阶段采用的方法和手段：假肢适配残肢准备、假肢修复、非药物（物理）方法、精神药理学干预。</p> <p>分析过程中确定了三个关键的专利方向和科学研发重点。第一个方向是针对残肢假肢适配准备和完善假体组件的技术。发现了涉及骨残端外科准备、利用3D打印和压力传感器定制接受腔制造，以及创建高性能假体模块（包括微处理器膝关节假体和具有改进生物力学的足部假体）的开发。第二个方向由非药物技术代表，包括使用带生物反馈的虚拟现实恢复运动模式和阻断幻痛、镜像疗法、脑机接口，以及广泛的各种训练器和设备用于训练支撑能力和灵活性。第三个方向涵盖截肢后疼痛综合征的管理方法，除传统药物疗法外，积极开发采用肉毒杆菌疗法、神经调控和心理治疗技术的多模式方法。此外进行了国际和俄罗斯临床建议的比较分析，揭示了共同原则和差异化特点。</p> <p>分析表明，战伤下肢截肢患者的康复正朝着个性化和高技术解决方案的方向发展。最具前景的方向包括：开发带有客观负荷控制的创新残肢准备方法、创建具有自适应控制的智能假体、引入沉浸式技术和脑机接口用于神经康复，以及标准化全周期康复协议。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>combat trauma</kwd><kwd>lower limb amputation</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>prosthetics</kwd><kwd>phantom pain</kwd><kwd>virtual reality</kwd><kwd>neural interfaces</kwd><kwd>patent analysis</kwd><kwd>physical therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>боевая травма</kwd><kwd>ампутация нижних конечностей</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd><kwd>протезирование</kwd><kwd>фантомная боль</kwd><kwd>виртуальная реальность</kwd><kwd>нейроинтерфейсы</kwd><kwd>патентный анализ</kwd><kwd>физиотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>战伤</kwd><kwd>下肢截肢</kwd><kwd>康复</kwd><kwd>假肢修复</kwd><kwd>幻痛</kwd><kwd>虚拟现实</kwd><kwd>神经接口</kwd><kwd>专利分析</kwd><kwd>物理治疗</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alfieri KA, Forsberg JA, Potter BK. 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