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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1681-3456</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2969</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">707139</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rjpbr707139</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MNIWPM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms of aging and evaluation of the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical technologies in spa setting</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы старения и оценка эффективности применения нелекарственных технологий на этапе санаторно-курортного лечения</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>衰老机制及非药物治疗技术在疗养阶段应用效果评价</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9804-7725</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9733-7646</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korchazhkina</surname><given-names>Natalya B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корчажкина</surname><given-names>Наталья Борисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Korchazhkina</surname><given-names>Natalya B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>n9857678103@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1190-1440</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2099-3854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagornev</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагорнев</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nagornev</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>drnag@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1277-5183</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3183-0883</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolkov</surname><given-names>Valery K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролков</surname><given-names>Валерий Константинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Frolkov</surname><given-names>Valery K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><email>fvk49@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-1619</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7673-3241</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistent Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistent Professor</p></bio><email>m9197235649@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0377-4973</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Michaelis</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михаэлис</surname><given-names>Марина Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Michaelis</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>noc@med.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6147-5574</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5993-3323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotenko</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котенко</surname><given-names>Константин Валентинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kotenko</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>noc@med.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1526-7725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Olifer</surname><given-names>Iana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олифер</surname><given-names>Яна Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Olifer</surname><given-names>Iana S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>olifer-yana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5223-2389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kikot</surname><given-names>Anastasiia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кикот</surname><given-names>Анастасия Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kikot</surname><given-names>Anastasiia I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nastyakikot26@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>246</fpage><lpage>259</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-30"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/707139">https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/707139</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Population aging is a global healthcare challenge, and the key mechanisms of age-related changes include oxidative stress, chronic systemic inflammation (inflammaging), reduced neuroplasticity, and microcirculatory disorders. The most promising strategy for correcting these disorders in spa settings is the use of non-pharmacological technologies—cryotherapy, hydrogen therapy, pressotherapy, and transcranial magnetic therapy.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To provide a pathogenetic rationale and comparative evaluation of the efficacy of non-pharmacological technologies (cryotherapy, hydrogen therapy, pressotherapy, and transcranial magnetic therapy) as tools for correcting age-related disorders that act through key aging mechanisms in spa settings.</p> <p><bold>Methods</bold><bold>:</bold> A prospective, controlled, comparative, and randomized study was conducted in 150 patients aged 50–70 years with a verified diagnosis of “practically healthy.” Basic therapy provided to all patients included therapeutic exercise, diet therapy, balneotherapy, and climatotherapy. Using simple fixed randomization, the patients were divided into five groups: control (basic therapy alone), cryotherapy (basic therapy + whole-body air cryotherapy), hydrogen therapy (basic therapy + molecular hydrogen inhalation), pressotherapy (basic therapy + lymphatic drainage pneumatic compression), and transcranial magnetic therapy (basic therapy + a low-frequency magnetic field). The efficacy of correcting age-related disorders was assessed by changes in oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase), systemic inflammation markers (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), neuroplasticity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Montreal Cognitive Assessment score), and microcirculation (laser Doppler flowmetry).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The course of treatment was accompanied by positive changes in the evaluated parameters, the magnitude of which differed significantly between study groups. Comparative analysis revealed that hydrogen therapy was most effective for correcting oxidative stress, cryotherapy for suppressing systemic inflammation and improving microcirculation, transcranial magnetic therapy for enhancing neuroplasticity and cognitive function, and pressotherapy for optimizing lymphovenous outflow. The most pronounced anti-inflammatory and microcirculatory effects were observed with whole-body air cryotherapy, while transcranial magnetic therapy convincingly demonstrated a unique capacity to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and improve cognitive status.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A course of non-pharmacological technologies in spa settings contributes to significant correction of key pathophysiological mechanisms of aging. The high therapeutic potential of each technology is based on the ability of a physical agent to exert a specific corrective effect: hydrogen therapy on oxidative stress, cryotherapy on systemic inflammation and microcirculation, transcranial magnetic therapy on neuroplasticity, and pressotherapy on lymphovenous outflow. These findings support a personalized selection of non-pharmacological technologies based on the predominant mechanism of age-related impairments.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Старение населения является глобальным вызовом для здравоохранения, а ключевыми механизмами возрастных изменений выступают оксидативный стресс, хроническое системное воспаление (инфламэйджинг), снижение нейропластичности и микроциркуляторные нарушения. Наиболее перспективным направлением коррекции данных нарушений на этапе санаторно-курортного лечения является применение нелекарственных технологий.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Выполнить патогенетическое обоснование и сравнительную оценку эффективности применения нелекарственных технологий (криотерапии, водородотерапии, прессотерапии и транскраниальной магнитотерапии) как инструментов коррекции возрастных нарушений, реализующих своё действие через ключевые механизмы старения, на этапе санаторно-курортного лечения.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено проспективное контролируемое сравнительное рандомизированное исследование с участием 150 пациентов в возрасте 50–70 лет с верифицированным диагнозом «практически здоров». Базовая терапия, проводимая для всех пациентов, включала лечебную физкультуру, диетотерапию, бальнеотерапию и климатотерапию. С помощью простой фиксированной рандомизации все пациенты были разделены на 5 групп: контрольную (только базовая терапия), группу криотерапии (базовая терапия + общая воздушная криотерапия), группу водородотерапии (базовая терапия + ингаляции молекулярного водорода), группу прессотерапии (базовая терапия + лимфодренажная пневмокомпрессия) и группу транскраниальной магнитотерапии (базовая терапия + низкочастотное магнитное воздействие). Эффективность коррекции возрастных нарушений оценивали по динамике показателей оксидативного стресса (малоновый диальдегид, супероксиддисмутаза, каталаза), системного воспаления (интерлейкин-6, интерлейкин-1β, высокочувствительный С-реактивный белок), нейропластичности (мозговой нейротрофический фактор, показатель Монреальской шкалы оценки когнитивных функций MoCA) и микроциркуляции (лазерная допплеровская флоуметрия).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Проведение курсового лечения сопровождалось положительной динамикой оцениваемых показателей, выраженность которой существенно различалась в выделенных группах. Результаты сравнительного анализа позволили установить, что водородотерапия максимально эффективна в коррекции оксидативного стресса, криотерапия — в подавлении системного воспаления и улучшении микроциркуляции, транскраниальная магнитотерапия — в активации нейропластичности и когнитивных функций, прессотерапия — в оптимизации лимфовенозного оттока. Наиболее выраженный противовоспалительный и микроциркуляторный эффект отмечен при использовании общей воздушной криотерапии, тогда как транскраниальная магнитотерапия убедительно продемонстрировала уникальную способность повышать уровень мозгового нейротрофического фактора и улучшать когнитивный статус.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Курсовое применение нелекарственных технологий на санаторно-курортном этапе способствует значимой коррекции ключевых патофизиологических механизмов старения. Высокий терапевтический потенциал каждой технологии базируется на способности физического фактора оказывать специфическое корригирующее влияние: водородотерапии — на оксидативный стресс, криотерапии — на системное воспаление и микроциркуляцию, транскраниальной магнитотерапии — на нейропластичность, прессотерапии — на лимфовенозный отток. Полученные данные обосновывают персонализированный выбор нелекарственной технологии в зависимости от ведущего механизма возрастных нарушений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。人口老龄化是全球卫生保健面临的重大挑战，而年龄相关变化的关键机制包括氧化应激、慢性系统性炎症（炎症衰老）、神经可塑性降低和微循环障碍。在疗养阶段纠正上述障碍最具前景的方向是应用非药物治疗技术——低温疗法、氢气疗法、气压疗法和经颅磁疗。</p> <p>目的。从病理生理学角度论证并比较评价非药物治疗技术（低温疗法、氢气疗法、气压疗法和经颅磁疗）作为矫正年龄相关障碍工具的有效性，这些技术通过关键衰老机制发挥作用，应用于疗养阶段治疗。</p> <p>方法。开展了一项前瞻性对照比较随机研究，纳入150名50-70岁经确诊为“基本健康”的患者。所有患者接受的基础治疗包括医疗体育、饮食疗法、矿泉疗法和气候疗法。通过简单固定随机化将所有患者分为5组：对照组（仅基础治疗）、低温疗法组（基础治疗+全身空气低温疗法）、氢气疗法组（基础治疗+分子氢吸入）、气压疗法组（基础治疗+淋巴引流气压按摩）和经颅磁疗组（基础治疗+低频磁刺激）。通过氧化应激指标（丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶）、系统性炎症指标（白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-1β、超敏C反应蛋白）、神经可塑性指标（脑源性神经营养因子BDNF、蒙特利尔认知评估量表MoCA评分）和微循环指标（激光多普勒血流仪）的动态变化评估年龄相关障碍的矫正效果。</p> <p>结果。疗程性治疗伴随各评估指标均呈现积极变化，但改善程度在各组之间存在显著差异。比较分析结果表明：氢气疗法在矫正氧化应激方面效果最显著，低温疗法在抑制系统性炎症和改善微循环方面效果突出，经颅磁疗在激活神经可塑性和认知功能方面表现优异，气压疗法在优化淋巴回流方面发挥作用。全身空气低温疗法显示出最强的抗炎和微循环改善效果，而经颅磁疗则独特地证明了提高脑源性神经营养因子水平和改善认知状态的能力。</p> <p>结论。在疗养阶段疗程性应用非药物治疗技术可显著矫正关键衰老病理生理机制。各项技术的高治疗潜力基于物理因子能产生特异性矫正影响的能力：氢气疗法针对氧化应激，低温疗法针对系统性炎症和微循环，经颅磁疗针对神经可塑性，气压疗法针对淋巴回流。获得的数据支持根据年龄相关障碍的主要机制个性化选择非药物治疗技术。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>inflammaging</kwd><kwd>neuroplasticity</kwd><kwd>microcirculation</kwd><kwd>spa treatment</kwd><kwd>cryotherapy</kwd><kwd>hydrogen therapy</kwd><kwd>pressotherapy</kwd><kwd>transcranial magnetic therapy</kwd><kwd>BDNF</kwd><kwd>MoCA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>оксидативный стресс</kwd><kwd>инфламэйджинг</kwd><kwd>нейропластичность</kwd><kwd>микроциркуляция</kwd><kwd>санаторно-курортное лечение</kwd><kwd>криотерапия</kwd><kwd>водородотерапия</kwd><kwd>прессотерапия</kwd><kwd>транскраниальная магнитотерапия</kwd><kwd>BDNF</kwd><kwd>MoCA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>衰老</kwd><kwd>氧化应激</kwd><kwd>炎症衰老</kwd><kwd>神经可塑性</kwd><kwd>微循环</kwd><kwd>疗养治疗</kwd><kwd>低温疗法</kwd><kwd>氢气疗法</kwd><kwd>气压疗法</kwd><kwd>经颅磁疗</kwd><kwd>BDNF</kwd><kwd>MoCA</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 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