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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1681-3456</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2969</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694105</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rjpbr694105</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UAHXKA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of exercise intensity in the regulation of the gut microbiota and liver function in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль тренировок различной интенсивности в регуляции микробиоты и функции печени при метаболически ассоциированном стеатозе</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>不同强度运动训练在代谢相关脂肪性肝病中对肠道微生物群与肝功能的调节作用</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5849-8057</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>annast2003.06@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0757-3006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaidullin</surname><given-names>Ilmir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шайдуллин</surname><given-names>Ильмир Айнурович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shaidullin</surname><given-names>Ilmir A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shaidullinilmir@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6566-8847</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharafutdinova</surname><given-names>Liliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарафутдинова</surname><given-names>Лилия Ремисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sharafutdinova</surname><given-names>Liliya R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>remka.lil.shar@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8229-1915</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokopyev</surname><given-names>Evgeny G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокопьев</surname><given-names>Евгений Геннадиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Prokopyev</surname><given-names>Evgeny G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rikudasanin01@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5753-9556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Yulia R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Юлия Романовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Yulia R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>julia-romanova06@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4889-5912</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murzakaeva</surname><given-names>Renata I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурзакаева</surname><given-names>Рената Ильдаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Murzakaeva</surname><given-names>Renata I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sasha.ponomarenko.17@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8869-7928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>Kseniya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимова</surname><given-names>Ксения Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>Kseniya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Ke1dji@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6834-6910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safina</surname><given-names>Sofia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафина</surname><given-names>София Алмазовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Safina</surname><given-names>Sofia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>s_safina@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0815-5667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdrakhmanova</surname><given-names>Elina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдрахманова</surname><given-names>Элина Раилевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Abdrakhmanova</surname><given-names>Elina R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elli2202@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3573-8878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samatova</surname><given-names>Yana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саматова</surname><given-names>Яна Максимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Samatova</surname><given-names>Yana M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yana.yana-2003@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4113-0422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashlykova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башлыкова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bashlykova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>katya31072002@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5420-635X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naumova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наумова</surname><given-names>Мария Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Naumova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voropaeva.2002@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.N. Ulyanov Chuvash State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">I.N. Ulyanov Chuvash State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ryazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Рязанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ryazan State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-10"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/694105">https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/694105</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease is currently regarded as one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders, closely linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and disturbances of the gut microbiome. Physical exercise is a key nonpharmacological strategy capable of modulating energy and metabolic homeostasis through its effects on interorgan communication along the gut–liver axis. This review summarizes experimental and clinical evidence regarding the effects of different types of physical activity, such as moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training, on intestinal barrier integrity, hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, and systemic inflammation. Preclinical studies demonstrate that both training modalities increase the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, JAM-A), enhance gut microbiota diversity, reduce endotoxemia, and attenuate the severity of steatosis. High-intensity interval training was superior in stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis, β-oxidation, and irisin secretion, as well as in reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and macrophage-mediated inflammation. Clinical data confirm that regular physical activity, regardless of intensity, decreases hepatic fat accumulation and improves insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular function. However, clinical evidence remains limited, underscoring the need for further investigation of the molecular regulation mechanisms of the gut–liver axis. Overall, physical activity, particularly high-intensity interval training, is an effective, safe, and affordable approach for the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, contributing to the restoration of metabolic balance and hepatic homeostasis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Метаболически ассоциированный стеатоз печени (MASLD) в настоящее время рассматривается как одно из наиболее распространённых метаболических заболеваний, тесно связанное с ожирением, инсулинорезистентностью и нарушениями кишечного микробиома. Физические упражнения выступают ключевой немедикаментозной стратегией, способной модулировать энергетический и метаболический гомеостаз за счёт влияния на межорганное взаимодействие по оси «кишечник — печень». Настоящий обзор обобщает экспериментальные и клинические данные о влиянии различных типов физической активности — непрерывных тренировок средней интенсивности и высокоинтенсивных интервальных тренировок (ВИИТ) — на целостность кишечного барьера, липидный обмен в печени, митохондриальный и эндоплазматический гомеостаз, а также системное воспаление. Доклинические исследования показывают, что оба режима тренировок повышают экспрессию белков плотных контактов (ZO-1, окклюдин, JAM-A), увеличивают разнообразие кишечной микробиоты, снижают эндотоксемию и выраженность стеатоза. ВИИТ продемонстрировали преимущество в стимуляции биогенеза митохондрий, β-окисления и секреции ирисина, а также в снижении стресса эндоплазматического ретикулума и воспаления, индуцируемого макрофагами. Клинические данные подтверждают, что регулярные занятия физическими упражнениями независимо от интенсивности уменьшают накопление жира в печени, улучшают чувствительность к инсулину и показатели сердечно-сосудистой функции. Тем не менее результаты клинических исследований остаются ограниченными, что подчёркивает необходимость изучения молекулярных механизмов регуляции оси «кишечник — печень». В целом физическая активность, особенно ВИИТ, является эффективным, безопасным и доступным методом профилактики и терапии MASLD, способствующим восстановлению метаболического равновесия и гомеостаза печени.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>代谢相关脂肪性肝病（metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD）目前被认为是最常见的代谢性疾病之一，与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及肠道微生物群紊乱密切相关。体育锻炼是一种关键的非药物干预策略，可通过影响“肠道—肝脏”轴的器官间相互作用，调节机体能量与代谢稳态。本综述汇总了不同类型体力活动——中等强度持续训练和高强度间歇训练（high-intensity interval training, HIIT）——对肠道屏障完整性、肝脏脂质代谢、线粒体与内质网稳态以及全身炎症的实验和临床研究数据。前临床研究表明，两种训练模式均可提高紧密连接蛋白（ZO-1、occludin、JAM-A）的表达，增加肠道微生物群多样性，降低内毒素血症水平并减轻脂肪变性。HIIT在刺激线粒体生物发生、β-氧化及鸢尾素分泌，以及降低内质网应激和巨噬细胞介导的炎症方面表现出优势。临床数据证实，无论运动强度如何，规律体育锻炼均可减少肝脏脂肪沉积，改善胰岛素敏感性和心血管功能指标。然而，现有临床研究结果仍然有限，这强调了进一步探讨“肠道—肝脏”轴分子调控机制的必要性。总体而言，体育活动，尤其是HIIT，是一种有效、安全且可及的MASLD预防与治疗方法，有助于恢复代谢平衡与肝脏稳态。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease</kwd><kwd>physical exercise</kwd><kwd>high-intensity interval training</kwd><kwd>moderate-intensity continuous training</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>gut–liver axis</kwd><kwd>mitochondrial homeostasis</kwd><kwd>endoplasmic reticulum</kwd><kwd>medical rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метаболически ассоциированный стеатоз печени</kwd><kwd>физические упражнения</kwd><kwd>высокоинтенсивные интервальные тренировки</kwd><kwd>непрерывные тренировки средней интенсивности</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>ось «кишечник — печень»</kwd><kwd>митохондриальный гомеостаз</kwd><kwd>эндоплазматический ретикулум</kwd><kwd>медицинская реабилитация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>代谢相关脂肪性肝病</kwd><kwd>体育锻炼</kwd><kwd>高强度间歇训练</kwd><kwd>中等强度持续训练</kwd><kwd>肠道微生物群</kwd><kwd>“肠道—肝脏”轴</kwd><kwd>线粒体稳态</kwd><kwd>内质网</kwd><kwd>医学康复</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bondareva EA, Troshina EA. 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