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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1681-3456</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2969</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679816</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rjpbr679816</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">elyqay</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Therapeutic potential of hypoxic conditioning technology in post-stroke rehabilitation: from molecular and physiological mechanisms to clinical practice (narrative review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапевтический потенциал технологии гипоксического кондиционирования в реабилитации после инсульта: от молекулярных и физиологических механизмов к клинической практике (нарративный обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>缺血性脑卒中康复中低氧调节技术的治疗潜力： 从分子与生理机制到临床实践（文献综述）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-2505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nyamukondiwa</surname><given-names>Malachi</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ньямукондива</surname><given-names>Малачи</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nyamukondiwa</surname><given-names>Malachi</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nyamukondiva_m@student.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-194X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8200-2155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koneva</surname><given-names>Elizaveta S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конева</surname><given-names>Елизавета Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Koneva</surname><given-names>Elizaveta S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor, Professor</p></bio><email>elizaveta.coneva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9960-6608</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6168-2110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glazachev</surname><given-names>Oleg S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глазачев</surname><given-names>Олег Станиславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Glazachev</surname><given-names>Oleg S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>glazachev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MEDSI</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МЕДСИ</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">MEDSI</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of the Physiсal Therapy, Balneotherapy and Rehabilitation</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация</issue-title><fpage>321</fpage><lpage>331</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-17"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-06-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/679816">https://rjpbr.com/1681-3456/article/view/679816</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Acute cerebrovascular accident remains one of the leading causes of disability and mortality, with persistent risks of developing and progressing cognitive and functional impairments even in the late recovery period. The urgency of this issue drives the search for innovative approaches to rehabilitation and quality-of-life improvement in such patients. Interval hypoxic conditioning technology, particularly in the form of intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training, represents a promising non-pharmacological approach capable of enhancing neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, and cerebral hemodynamics. The aim of this review is to analyze the therapeutic potential of intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training in the context of post-acute cerebrovascular accident rehabilitation, including its effects on molecular adaptation mechanisms, angiogenesis, and functional recovery. Methodology involved a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, eLIBRARY.RU, and other databases, focusing on studies related to hypoxic preconditioning, neuroprotection, and clinical outcomes. The results demonstrate that intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training activates HIF-1α–dependent pathways, stimulating angiogenesis through VEGF and neurogenesis via BDNF, as confirmed by both experimental and clinical data. Moderate intermittent hypoxia (9%–16% O₂) optimizes the redox balance, suppresses proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), and enhances antioxidant defense through Nrf2, correlating with reduced ischemic damage. Clinically, intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training procedures improve cognitive function (memory, attention) and motor performance, especially when combined with aerobic training, increasing exercise tolerance (e.g., 15%–20% improvement in the six-minute walk test) and quality of life. Cardioprotective effects include normalization of blood pressure and reduction of oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde), which is particularly relevant for patients with multimorbidity. Integration of intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training into multimodal rehabilitation programs contributes to synergistic effects, enhancing neurovascular remodeling. Despite its promise, further optimization of personalized protocols considering age and comorbidities, as well as randomized trials to assess long-term safety, are required. This review addresses neurologists, molecular biologists, and rehabilitation specialists, highlighting the translational potential of intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training into clinical practice given further validation of its efficacy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения (ОНМК) остаётся одной из ведущих причин инвалидизации и смертности населения, сохраняя риски развития и прогрессирования когнитивных и функциональных нарушений даже в позднем восстановительном периоде. Острота проблемы актуализирует поиск инновационных подходов к реабилитации и поддержанию удовлетворительного качества жизни таких пациентов. Технология гипоксического кондиционирования в интервальных режимах, в частности в виде курса процедур интервальных гипоксически-гипероксических экспозиций (ИГГЭ), представляет собой перспективный нефармакологический подход, способный потенцировать процессы нейропластичности, синаптогенеза, церебральную гемодинамику. Целью данного обзора является анализ терапевтического потенциала ИГГЭ в контексте пост-ОНМК реабилитации, включая её влияние на молекулярные механизмы адаптации, ангиогенез и функциональное восстановление. Методология включает систематический поиск в базах PubMed, Scopus, eLIBRARY.RU и др., с акцентом на исследования, связанные с гипоксическим прекондиционированием, нейропротекцией и клиническими исходами. Результаты демонстрируют, что ИГГЭ активирует HIF-1α-зависимые пути, стимулируя ангиогенез через VEGF и нейрогенез посредством BDNF, что подтверждено экспериментальными и клиническими данными. Умеренная интервальная гипоксия (9–16% O₂) оптимизирует окислительно-восстановительный баланс, подавляя провоспалительные цитокины (IL-6, TNF-α) и усиливая антиоксидантную защиту через Nrf2, что коррелирует со снижением объёма ишемического повреждения. Клинически процедуры ИГГЭ улучшают когнитивные показатели (память, внимание) и моторные функции, особенно в комбинации с аэробными тренировками, повышая толерантность к нагрузкам (увеличение дистанции теста шестиминутной ходьбы на 15–20%) и качество жизни. Кардиопротективные эффекты включают нормализацию артериального давления и снижение маркёров окислительного стресса (малоновый диальдегид), что является значимым для пациентов с полиморбидностью. Интеграция ИГГЭ в мультимодальные реабилитационные программы способствует синергизму методов, усиливая нейроваскулярное ремоделирование. Несмотря на перспективность, требуется оптимизация персонализированных протоколов с учётом возраста и сопутствующих патологий, а также проведение рандомизированных исследований для оценки долгосрочной безопасности. Обзор адресован неврологам, молекулярным биологам и реабилитологам, подчёркивая потенциал трансляции ИГГЭ в клиническую практику при условии дальнейшей валидации её эффективности.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>急性脑血管意外（acute cerebrovascular accident, ACVA）仍是导致致残和死亡的主要原因之一，即使在恢复的晚期阶段，认知和功能障碍的发生和进展风险依然存在。问题的严重性促使人们探索卒中后康复及改善患者生活质量的创新方法。间歇性缺氧治疗，尤其是以间歇性低氧-高氧暴露（intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training, IHHT）疗程形式，作为一种前景广阔的非药物治疗方法，能够促进神经可塑性、突触生成和脑血流动力学。本文旨在分析IHHT在ACVA后康复中的治疗潜力，特别是其在分子适应机制、血管生成和功能恢复方面的作用。本研究方法包括在PubMed、Scopus、eLIBRARY.RU等数据库中进行系统检索，重点关注与低氧预适应、神经保护和临床结局相关的研究。研究表明，IHHT可激活HIF-1α依赖性信号通路，通过VEGF促进血管生成，并通过BDNF诱导神经发生，实验与临床数据均对此提供了支持。中等强度的间歇性低氧（9–16% O<sub>2</sub>）可优化氧化还原平衡，抑制促炎细胞因子（IL-6、TNF-α）的表达，并通过Nrf2途径增强抗氧化防御，其作用与缺血性损伤体积的减少相关。在临床方面，IHHT可改善认知功能（记忆、注意力）和运动能力，尤其是在结合有氧训练时，可显著提高运动耐力（6分钟步行测试距离提高15–20%）和生活质量。其心脏保护效应表现为血压的正常化及氧化应激标志物（如丙二醛）水平的下降，对多病共存的患者尤为重要。将IHHT纳入多模式康复方案有助于增强方法间的协同作用，促进神经血管重塑。尽管该技术前景广阔，但仍需根据年龄及合并症优化个体化方案，并开展随机对照试验以评估其长期安全性。本综述面向神经科医师、分子生物学家及康复医学专家，强调在进一步验证其疗效后，IHHT具有向临床实践转化的潜力。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training</kwd><kwd>post-stroke recovery</kwd><kwd>neuroprotection</kwd><kwd>angiogenesis</kwd><kwd>neurogenesis</kwd><kwd>cognitive rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интервальная гипоксически-гипероксическая экспозиция</kwd><kwd>восстановление после инсульта</kwd><kwd>нейропротекция</kwd><kwd>ангиогенез</kwd><kwd>нейрогенез</kwd><kwd>когнитивное восстановление</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>急性冠状动脉综合征</kwd><kwd>心脏康复</kwd><kwd>心肌梗死</kwd><kwd>二级预防</kwd><kwd>心理康复</kwd><kwd>远程医疗。</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kuriakose D, Xiao Z. 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