The analysis of the second and third levels of evidence has demonstrated the necessity of the early rehabilitation of the patients presenting with diseases and lesions of the nervous system. It is estimated that on the whole from 50% to 75% of the patients in need of neurosurgical and neurological aid require the rehabilitative treatment in one or another form. The onset of the rehabilitative measures in the early period of the disease depends on the character of neuroplastic processes that are especially active in the acute phase of the disease. Early rehabilitation increases the probability of preventing of its unfavourable outcome.The objective of the present study was to enhance the effectiveness of neurological rehabilitation in the patients presenting with neurosurgical pathology. We analysed the results of the rehabilitative treatment given to the patients admitted to A.L. Polenov Russian Neurosurgical Institute, Russian Ministry of Healgth, during the period from 2010 till 2013. The study has demonstrated that active rehabilitation including the preoperative preparation, intraoperative procedures, and combined application of the rehabilitative techniques in the acute phase of the disease makes it possible to achieve as high therapeutic efficiency as 86.7% despite the short duration of the rehabilitation courses. The practically complete clinical recovery was documented in 6% of the patients, the marked improvement of their health status in 38.2%, and the apparent improvement in 42%. It is concluded that the active rehabilitation and the combined physiotherapeutic treatment (PT) at different stages of the disease including the preoperative preparation and intraoperative procedures makes it possible to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic modalities in the patients presenting with neurosurgical pathology.