Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput ScreeningCombinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput ScreeningCombinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening1386-20731875-5402Bentham Science64411610.2174/0113862073267048231027070537ChemistryResearch ArticleAntiviral Activity of Natural Herbs and their Isolated Bioactive Compounds: A ReviewSinghSoniainfo@benthamscience.netMurtiYogeshinfo@benthamscience.netSemwalBhupeshinfo@benthamscience.netInstitute of Pharmaceutical Research,, GLA University Mathura1507202427142013204207012025Copyright ©; 2024, Bentham Science Publishers2024Bentham Science Publishershttps://rjpbr.com/1386-2073/article/view/644116

Viruses are the cause of many human pathogenesis-related conditions. A serious hazard to public health has been created because of the increase in worldwide travel, fast urbanization, and infectious epidemics. At the same time, no preventative vaccines or antiviral treatments are currently available. Resources for developing new antiviral medications can be found in enhanced natural products and herbal medicines. These natural substances have aided the research on developing preventive vaccines and antiviral treatments. Based primarily on in vitro and in vivo searches, this review aims to explore the antiviral properties of plant extracts and some isolated plant natural products. Only a few antiviral medications have been given clinical approval, while numerous viruses continue to elude adequate immunization. Therefore, developing novel antiviral medicines is crucial, and natural substances make excellent sources for these new drugs. This review highlights various natural herbal drugs possessing antiviral properties.

Antiviralvirus replicationvaccinesinfectionnatural herbal drugsantiviral propertiesplant extract.Tsuchiya, Y.; Shimizu, M.; Hiyama, Y.; Itoh, K.; Hashimoto, Y.; Nakayama, M.; Horie, T.; Morita, N. Antiviral activity of natural occurring flavonoids in vitro. Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 1985, 33(9), 3881-3886. doi: 10.1248/cpb.33.3881 PMID: 4092287Andrighetti-Fröhner, C.R.; Sincero, T.C.M.; da Silva, A.C.; Savi, L.A.; Gaido, C.M.; Bettega, J.M.R.; Mancini, M.; de Almeida, M.T.R.; Barbosa, R.A.; Farias, M.R.; Barardi, C.R.M.; Simões, C.M.O. Antiviral evaluation of plants from Brazilian atlantic tropical forest. Fitoterapia, 2005, 76(3-4), 374-378. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.03.010 PMID: 15890472Watkins, T.; Resch, W.; Irlbeck, D.; Swanstrom, R. Selection of high-level resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2003, 47(2), 759-769. doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.2.759-769.2003 PMID: 12543689Siow, Y.L.; Gong, Y.; Au-Yeung, K.K.W.; Woo, C.W.H.; Choy, P.C. O, K. Emerging issues in traditional Chinese medicine. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2005, 83(4), 321-334. doi: 10.1139/y05-029 PMID: 15877107Webster, D.; Taschereau, P.; Lee, T.D.G.; Jurgens, T. Immunostimulant properties of Heracleum maximum Bartr. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 106(3), 360-363. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.018 PMID: 16504434Dissanayake, K.G.; Perera, W.P. Premasinghe, N Immunomodulatory efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia against viral infections. World J. Pharmaceut. Med. Res., 2020, 6(5), 22-28.Abad, M.J.; Guerra, J.A.; Bermejo, P.; Irurzun, A.; Carrasco, L. Search for antiviral activity in higher plant extracts. Phytother. Res., 2000, 14(8), 604-607. doi: 10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:83.0.CO;2-L PMID: 11113996Martin, K.W.; Ernst, E. Antiviral agents from plants and herbs: A systematic review. Antivir. Ther., 2003, 8(2), 77-90. doi: 10.1177/135965350300800201 PMID: 12741619Havsteen, B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1983, 32(7), 1141-1148. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90262-9 PMID: 6342623Dissanayake, KG.; Perera, BT.; Perera, WP. Potential of the pathogenic microorganisms mitigation using rhizome extract of Acorus calamus as a medicinal herb. World J. Pharma. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2020, 9(5), 85-95.Dissanayake, K.C.; Fernando, W.S.; Perera, W.P. Investigation of the phytochemistry of Coriandrum sativum to combat against viral infections. Int. J. Innov. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res., 2020, 8(6), 1-10.Kuper, H.; Adami, H.O.; Trichopoulos, D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J. Intern. Med., 2001, 249(S741), 61-74. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00742.x PMID: 10971784Tolo, F.M.; Rukunga, G.M.; Muli, F.W.; Njagi, E.N.M.; Njue, W.; Kumon, K.; Mungai, G.M.; Muthaura, C.N.; Muli, J.M.; Keter, L.K.; Oishi, E.; Kofi-Tsekpo, M.W. Anti-viral activity of the extracts of a Kenyan medicinal plant Carissa edulis against herpes simplex virus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 104(1-2), 92-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.053 PMID: 16198524Merry, T.; Astrautsova, S. Alternative approaches to antiviral treatments: Focusing on glycosylation as a target for antiviral therapy. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 2010, 56(3), 103-109. doi: 10.1042/BA20100010 PMID: 20649513Nile, S.H.; Park, S.W. Chromatographic analysis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of ginger extracts and its reference compounds. Ind. Crops Prod., 2015, 70, 238-244. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.033Han, Y.; Song, C.; Koh, W.; Yon, G.; Kim, Y.; Ryu, S.; Kwon, H.; Lee, K. Anti-inflammatory effects of the Zingiber officinale roscoe constituent 12-dehydrogingerdione in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Phytother. Res., 2013, 27(8), 1200-1205. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4847 PMID: 23027684Chang, J.S.; Wang, K.C.; Yeh, C.F.; Shieh, D.E.; Chiang, L.C. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2013, 145(1), 146-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043 PMID: 23123794Jolad, S.D.; Lantz, R.C.; Solyom, A.M.; Chen, G.J.; Bates, R.B.; Timmermann, B.N. Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): Composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry, 2004, 65(13), 1937-1954. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.008 PMID: 15280001Jolad, S.D.; Lantz, R.C.; Chen, G.J.; Bates, R.B.; Timmermann, B.N. Commercially processed dry ginger (Zingiber officinale): Composition and effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production. Phytochemistry, 2005, 66(13), 1614-1635. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.05.007 PMID: 15996695Dolin, R. Common viral respiratory infections. Harrisons Principles Int. Med., 2001, 1, 1120-1124.Chao, W.W.; Lin, B.F. Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian). Chin. Med., 2010, 5(1), 17. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-17 PMID: 20465823Wiart, C.; Kumar, K.; Yusof, M.Y.; Hamimah, H.; Fauzi, Z.M.; Sulaiman, M. Antiviral properties of ent-labdene diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata nees, inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1. Phytother. Res., 2005, 19(12), 1069-1070. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1765 PMID: 16372376Calabrese, C.; Berman, S.H.; Babish, J.G.; Ma, X.; Shinto, L.; Dorr, M.; Wells, K.; Wenner, C.A.; Standish, L.J. A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytother. Res., 2000, 14(5), 333-338. doi: 10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:53.0.CO;2-D PMID: 10925397Liu, R.H.; Jacob, J.R.; Tennant, B. Andrographolide derivatives to treat viral infections. . United States patent US 8,445,533, 2013.Lin, T.P.; Chen, S.Y.; Duh, P.D.; Chang, L.K.; Liu, Y.N. Inhibition of the epstein-barr virus lytic cycle by andrographolide. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2008, 31(11), 2018-2023. doi: 10.1248/bpb.31.2018 PMID: 18981566Tang, L.I.C.; Ling, A.P.K.; Koh, R.Y.; Chye, S.M.; Voon, K.G.L. Screening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2012, 12(1), 3. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-3 PMID: 22244370Kumar, N. Pharmaceutical attributes of Vasa (Adhatoda vasica Linn.)-A review. World J. Pharm. Res., 2016, 5, 437-455.Sharma, A.; Bhardwaj, G.; Cannoo, D.S. Overview of phytochemistry and pharmacology of Adhatoda vasica. Health Care , 2018, 7(8), 9.Chavan, R.; Chowdhary, A. In vitro inhibitory activity of Justicia adhatoda extracts against influenza virus infection and hemagglutination. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2014, 25(2), 231-236.Ghosh, R.; Chakraborty, A.; Biswas, A.; Chowdhuri, S. Identification of alkaloids from Justicia adhatoda as potent SARS CoV-2 main protease inhibitors: An in silico perspective. J. Mol. Struct., 2021, 1229, 129489. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129489 PMID: 33100380Kar, P.; Kumar, V.; Vellingiri, B.; Sen, A.; Jaishee, N.; Anandraj, A.; Malhotra, H.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Kinoshita, M.; Govindasamy, V.; Roy, A.; Naidoo, D.; Subramaniam, M.D. Anisotine and amarogentin as promising inhibitory candidates against SARS-CoV-2 proteins: A computational investigation. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 2022, 40(10), 4532-4542. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1860133 PMID: 33305988Mengist, H.M.; Dilnessa, T.; Jin, T. Structural basis of potential inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Front Chem., 2021, 9, 622898. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.622898 PMID: 33889562Mehrbod, P.; Amini, E.; Tavassoti-Kheiri, M. Antiviral activity of garlic extract on influenza virus. Iran. J. Virol., 2009, 3(1), 19-23. doi: 10.21859/isv.3.1.19Harris, J. S, C.; S, P.; D, L. Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2001, 57(3), 282-286. doi: 10.1007/s002530100722 PMID: 11759674Fraschini, F.; Demartini, G.; Esposti, D. Pharmacology of silymarin. Clin. Drug Investig., 2002, 22(1), 51-65. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200222010-00007Mohajer Shojai, T.; Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, A.; Karimi, V.; Barin, A.; Sadri, N. The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 2016, 6(4), 458-267. PMID: 27516987Meléndez-Villanueva, M.A.; Morán-Santibañez, K.; Martínez-Sanmiguel, J.J.; Rangel-López, R.; Garza-Navarro, M.A.; Rodríguez-Padilla, C.; Zarate-Triviño, D.G.; Trejo-Ávila, L.M. Virucidal activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry using garlic extract. Viruses, 2019, 11(12), 1111. doi: 10.3390/v11121111 PMID: 31801280Weber, N.; Andersen, D.; North, J.; Murray, B.; Lawson, L.; Hughes, B. In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Planta Med., 1992, 58(5), 417-423. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-961504 PMID: 1470664Guo, N.L.; Lu, D.P.; Woods, G.L.; Reed, E.; Zhou, G.Z.; Zhang, L.B.; Waldman, R.H. Demonstration of the anti-viral activity of garlic extract against human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Chin. Med. J. , 1993, 106(2), 93-96. PMID: 8389276Szychowski, K. Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk, K.; Gaweł-Bęben, K.; Świeca, M.; Karaś, M.; Jakubczyk, A.; Matysiak, M.; Binduga, U.; Gmiński, J. Characterization of active compounds of different garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 2018, 68(1), 73-81. doi: 10.1515/pjfns-2017-0005Silprasit, K.; Seetaha, S.; Pongsanarakul, P.; Hannongbua, S.; Choowongkomon, K. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plants Res., 2011, 5, 4194-4201.Subbiah, V.; Nagaraja, P.; Narayan, P.; Nagendra, H.G. Evaluation of pharmacological properties of Caesalpinia bonducella seed and shell extract. Pharmacogn. J., 2019, 11(1), 150-154. doi: 10.5530/pj.2019.1.25Dhar, M.L.; Dhar, M.M.; Dhawan, B.N.; Mehrotra, B.N.; Ray, C. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: I. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 1968, 6(4), 232-247. PMID: 5720682Rajapaksa, R.M.H.; Perera, B.T.; Nisansala, M.J.; Perera, W.P.R.T.; Dissanayake, K.G.C. Potential of inhibiting the receptor binding mechanism of SARS-COV-2 using phytochemical extracts of medicinal herb; molecular docking study. Global J. Eng. Sci. Res. Manag., 2020, 7(4)Biondi, D.M.; Rocco, C.; Ruberto, G. New dihydrostilbene derivatives from the leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. J. Nat. Prod., 2003, 66(4), 477-480. doi: 10.1021/np020365s PMID: 12713396Obolentseva, G.V.; Litvinenko, V.I.; Ammosov, A.S.; Popova, T.P.; Sampiev, A.M. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of licorice preparations (A review). Pharm. Chem. J., 1999, 33(8), 427-434. doi: 10.1007/BF02510095Badam, L. in vitro antiviral activity of indigenous glycyrrhizin, licorice and glycyrrhizic acid (Sigma) on Japanese encephalitis virus. J. Commun. Dis., 1997, 29(2), 91-99. PMID: 9282507Utsunomiya, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Pollard, R.B.; Suzuki, F. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, reduces morbidity and mortality of mice infected with lethal doses of influenza virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1997, 41(3), 551-556. doi: 10.1128/AAC.41.3.551 PMID: 9055991Moein, M.R.; Zomorodian, K.; Pakshir, K.; Yavari, F.; Motamedi, M.; Zarshenas, M.M. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague. J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2015, 20(1), 50-56. doi: 10.1177/2156587214553302 PMID: 25305209Roy, S.; Chaurvedi, P.; Chowdhary, A. Evaluation of antiviral activity of essential oil of Trachyspermum Ammi against Japanese encephalitis virus. Pharmacognosy Res., 2015, 7(3), 263-267. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.157977 PMID: 26130938Dateo, G.P., Jr; Long, L., Jr Gymnemic acid, the antisaccharine principle of Gymnema sylvestre. Isolation and heterogeneity of gymnemic acid A1. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1973, 21(5), 899-903. doi: 10.1021/jf60189a030 PMID: 4733385Subashini, M.S.; Rajendran, P. In vitro screening of anti HBV and anti HIV properties of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br leaves from Kolli Hills, Tamilnadu, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2015, 4, 542-547.Ghosh, M.; Civra, A.; Rittà, M.; Cagno, V.; Mavuduru, S.G.; Awasthi, P.; Lembo, D.; Donalisio, M. Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. Arch. Virol., 2016, 161(12), 3509-3514. doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3032-3 PMID: 27581805Cagno, V.; Civra, A.; Kumar, R.; Pradhan, S.; Donalisio, M.; Sinha, B.N.; Ghosh, M.; Lembo, D. Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2015, 176, 252-257. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.042 PMID: 26528588Badam, L.; Joshi, S.P.; Bedekar, S.S. ‘In vitro’ antiviral activity of neem (Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) leaf extract against group B coxsackieviruses. J. Commun. Dis., 1999, 31(2), 79-90. PMID: 10810594Alzohairy, MA Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016, 2016, 7382506.Parida, M.M.; Upadhyay, C.; Pandya, G.; Jana, A.M. Inhibitory potential of neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on Dengue virus type-2 replication. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 79(2), 273-278. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00395-6 PMID: 11801392Mahmood, M.S.; Amir, H.W.; Abbas, R.Z.; Rafique, A.; Aslam, B. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem) bark extract against Newcastle disease virus. Pak. Vet. J., 2018, 38(1), 25-28. doi: 10.29261/pakvetj/2018.005Ashfaq, U.A.; Jalil, A. ul Qamar, M.T. Antiviral phytochemicals identification from Azadirachta indica leaves against HCV NS3 protease: An in silico approach. Nat. Prod. Res., 2016, 30(16), 1866-1869. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1075527 PMID: 26274064Andi, B.; Kumaran, D.; Kreitler, D.F.; Soares, A.S.; Keereetaweep, J.; Jakoncic, J.; Lazo, E.O.; Shi, W.; Fuchs, M.R.; Sweet, R.M.; Shanklin, J.; Adams, P.D.; Schmidt, J.G.; Head, M.S.; McSweeney, S. Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A inhibitors and other drug-like compounds as covalent binders of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Sci. Rep., 2022, 12(1), 12197. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15930-z PMID: 35842458Cheng, H.Y.; Lin, C.C.; Lin, T.C. Antiherpes simplex virus type 2 activity of casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn. Antiviral Res., 2002, 55(3), 447-455. doi: 10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00077-3 PMID: 12206882Rasmussen, S.A.; Jamieson, D.J.; Honein, M.A.; Petersen, L.R. Zika virus and birth defects-reviewing the evidence for causality. N. Engl. J. Med., 2016, 374(20), 1981-1987. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr1604338 PMID: 27074377Polsky, B.; Segal, S.J.; Baron, P.A.; Gold, J.W.M.; Ueno, H.; Armstrong, D. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro by gossypol. Contraception, 1989, 39(6), 579-587. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(89)90034-6 PMID: 2473865Al-Snai, A.E. Iraqi medicinal plants with antifungal effect-A review. IOSR J. Pharm., 2019, 9(7), 16-56.Yeh, S.F.; Hong, C.Y.; Huang, Y.L.; Liu, T.Y.; Choo, K.B.; Chou, C.K. Effect of an extract from Phyllanthus amarus on hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res., 1993, 20(3), 185-192. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90019-F PMID: 8470882Venkateswaran, P.S.; Millman, I.; Blumberg, B.S. Effects of an extract from Phyllanthus niruri on hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viruses: In vitro and in vivo studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 1987, 84(1), 274-278. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.1.274 PMID: 3467354Ogata, T.; Higuchi, H.; Mochida, S.; Matsumoto, H.; Kato, A.; Endo, T.; Kaji, A.; Kaji, H. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 1992, 8(11), 1937-1944. doi: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1937 PMID: 1283310Pant, M.; Ambwani, T.; Umapathi, V. Antiviral activity of Ashwagandha extract on infectious bursal disease virus replication. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 2012, 5(5), 1-2. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2012/v5i5.20Arseculeratne, S.N.; Gunatilaka, A.A.L.; Panabokke, R.G. Studies on medicinal plants of sri lanka. part 14: Toxicity of some traditional medicinal herbs. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1985, 13(3), 323-335. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(85)90078-9 PMID: 4058035Grover, A.; Agrawal, V.; Shandilya, A.; Bisaria, V.S.; Sundar, D. Non-nucleosidic inhibition of Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase: Mechanistic insights into the anti-herpetic mode of action of herbal drug withaferin A. BMC Bioinformatics, 2011, 12(13), 1-9.Usha, P.R.; Naidu, M.U.R.; Raju, Y.S.N. Evaluation of the antiretroviral activity of a new polyherbal drug (Immu-25) in patients with HIV infection. Drugs R D., 2003, 4(2), 103-109. doi: 10.2165/00126839-200304020-00003 PMID: 12718564Hanisa, H.; Mohdazmi, M.L.; Suhaila, M.; Hakim, M.N. Effects of Centella asiatica L., Curcuma longa L., and Strobilanthescrispus L. extracts on 3 kidney cell lines: In vitro cytotoxicity analysis. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 6, 388-392.Chen, D.Y.; Shien, J.H.; Tiley, L.; Chiou, S.S.; Wang, S.Y.; Chang, T.J.; Lee, Y.J.; Chan, K.W.; Hsu, W.L. Curcumin inhibits influenza virus infection and haemagglutination activity. Food Chem., 2010, 119(4), 1346-1351. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.011Zandi, K; Ramedani, E; Mohammadi, K; Tajbakhsh, S; Deilami, I; Rastian, Z; Fouladvand, M; Yousefi, F; Farshadpour, F Evaluation of antiviral activities of curcumin derivatives against HSV-1 in Vero cell line Nat. Prod. Commun., 2010, 5(12), 1934578X1000501220.Divya, CS.; Pillai, MR. Antitumor action of curcumin in human papillomavirus associated cells involves downregulation of viral oncogenes, prevention of NFkB and AP-1 translocation, and modulation of apoptosis. Mol. Carcinog., 2006, 45(5), 320-332.Soltan, M.M.; Zaki, A.K. Antiviral screening of forty-two Egyptian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 126(1), 102-107. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.001 PMID: 19666102Brijesh, S.; Daswani, P.; Tetali, P.; Antia, N.; Birdi, T. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit: Validating its traditional usage. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2009, 9(1), 47. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-47 PMID: 19930633Moradi, M.T.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Karimi, A. A review study on the effect of Iranian herbal medicines against in vitro replication of herpes simplex virus. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 2016, 6(5), 506-515. PMID: 27761420Gonçalves, J.L.S.; Lopes, R.C.; Oliveira, D.B.; Costa, S.S.; Miranda, M.M.F.S.; Romanos, M.T.V.; Santos, N.S.O.; Wigg, M.D. In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 99(3), 403-407. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.032 PMID: 15876501Lubbe, A.; Seibert, I.; Klimkait, T.; van der Kooy, F. Ethnopharmacology in overdrive: The remarkable anti-HIV activity of Artemisia annua. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 141(3), 854-859. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.024 PMID: 22465592Hallock, Y.F.; Manfredi, K.P.; Dai, J.R.; Cardellina, J.H., II; Gulakowski, R.J.; McMahon, J.B.; Schäffer, M.; Stahl, M.; Gulden, K.P.; Bringmann, G.; François, G.; Boyd, M.R. Michellamines D-F, new HIV-inhibitory dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, and korupensamine E, a new antimalarial monomer, from Ancistrocladus korupensis. J. Nat. Prod., 1997, 60(7), 677-683. doi: 10.1021/np9700679 PMID: 9249970Mukherjee, H.; Ojha, D.; Bag, P.; Chandel, H.S.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Chatterjee, T.K.; Mukherjee, P.K.; Chakraborti, S.; Chattopadhyay, D. Anti-herpes virus activities of Achyranthes aspera: An Indian ethnomedicine, and its triterpene acid. Microbiol. Res., 2013, 168(4), 238-244. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.11.002 PMID: 23218996Montanha, J.; Amoros, M.; Boustie, J.; Girre, L. Anti-herpes virus activity of aporphine alkaloids. Planta Med., 1995, 61(5), 419-424. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958128 PMID: 7480202Park, J.Y.; Jeong, H.J.; Kim, Y.M.; Park, S.J.; Rho, M.C.; Park, K.H.; Ryu, Y.B.; Lee, W.S. Characteristic of alkylated chalcones from Angelica keiskei on influenza virus neuraminidase inhibition. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2011, 21(18), 5602-5604. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.130 PMID: 21824777Chuanasa, T.; Phromjai, J.; Lipipun, V.; Likhitwitayawuid, K.; Suzuki, M.; Pramyothin, P.; Hattori, M.; Shiraki, K. Anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) activity of oxyresveratrol derived from Thai medicinal plant: Mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy on cutaneous HSV-1 infection in mice. Antiviral Res., 2008, 80(1), 62-70. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.05.002 PMID: 18565600Biedenkopf, N.; Lange-Grünweller, K.; Schulte, F.W.; Weißer, A.; Müller, C.; Becker, D.; Becker, S.; Hartmann, R.K.; Grünweller, A. The natural compound silvestrol is a potent inhibitor of Ebola virus replication. Antiviral Res., 2017, 137, 76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.011 PMID: 27864075Zhen, H.; Fang, F.; Ye, D.; Shu, S.; Zhou, Y.; Dong, Y.; Nie, X.; Li, G. Experimental study on the action of allitridin against human cytomegalovirus in vitro: Inhibitory effects on immediate-early genes. Antiviral Res., 2006, 72(1), 68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.017 PMID: 16844239Yang, X.W.; Zhao, J.; Cui, Y.X.; Liu, X.H.; Ma, C.M.; Hattori, M.; Zhang, L.H. Anti-HIV-1 protease triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. J. Nat. Prod., 1999, 62(11), 1510-1513. doi: 10.1021/np990180u PMID: 10579862Jiang, W.L.; Luo, X.L.; Kuang, S.J. Effects of Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb against dengue virus in vitro J. First Mil. Med. Univ., 2005, 25(4), 454-456. PMID: 15837655McCutcheon, A.R.; Roberts, T.E.; Gibbons, E.; Ellis, S.M.; Babiuk, L.A.; Hancock, R.E.W.; Towers, G.H.N. Antiviral screening of British Columbian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1995, 49(2), 101-110. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(95)90037-3 PMID: 8847882Vlietinck, A.J.; Van Hoof, L.; Totté, J.; Lasure, A.; Berghe, D.V.; Rwangabo, P.C.; Mvukiyumwami, J. Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1995, 46(1), 31-47. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(95)01226-4 PMID: 7475121Maregesi, S.M.; Pieters, L.; Ngassapa, O.D.; Apers, S.; Vingerhoets, R.; Cos, P.; Berghe, D.A.V.; Vlietinck, A.J. Screening of some Tanzanian medicinal plants from Bunda district for antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2008, 119(1), 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.033 PMID: 18582554Beutler, J.A.; Cardellina, J.H. Ii; McMahon, J.B.; Boyd, M.R.; Cragg, G.M. Anti-HIV and cytotoxic alkaloids from Buchenavia capitata. J. Nat. Prod., 1992, 55(2), 207-213. doi: 10.1021/np50080a008 PMID: 1624941Lin, L.T.; Chung, C.Y.; Hsu, W.C.; Chang, S.P.; Hung, T.C.; Shields, J.; Russell, R.S.; Lin, C.C.; Li, C.F.; Yen, M.H.; Tyrrell, D.L.J.; Lin, C.C.; Richardson, C.D. Saikosaponin b2 is a naturally occurring terpenoid that efficiently inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. J. Hepatol., 2015, 62(3), 541-548. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.040 PMID: 25450204Wang, H.; Li, K.; Ma, L.; Wu, S.; Hu, J.; Yan, H.; Jiang, J.; Li, Y. Berberine inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy. Virol. J., 2017, 14(1), 2. doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0674-4 PMID: 28081706Visintini Jaime, M.F.; Redko, F.; Muschietti, L.V.; Campos, R.H.; Martino, V.S.; Cavallaro, L.V. In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts from Asteraceae medicinal plants. Virol. J., 2013, 10(1), 245. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-245 PMID: 23890410Yang, Q.Y.; Tian, X.Y.; Fang, W.S. Bioactive coumarins from Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2007, 9(1), 59-65. doi: 10.1080/10286020500382397 PMID: 17365191Park, J.Y.; Yuk, H.J.; Ryu, H.W.; Lim, S.H.; Kim, K.S.; Park, K.H.; Ryu, Y.B.; Lee, W.S. Evaluation of polyphenols from Broussonetia papyrifera as coronavirus protease inhibitors. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem., 2017, 32(1), 504-512. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265519 PMID: 28112000Xu, J.J.; Wu, X.; Li, M.M.; Li, G.Q.; Yang, Y.T.; Luo, H.J.; Huang, W.H.; Chung, H.Y.; Ye, W.C.; Wang, G.C.; Li, Y.L. Antiviral activity of polymethoxylated flavones from "Guangchenpi", the edible and medicinal pericarps of citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62(10), 2182-2189. doi: 10.1021/jf404310y PMID: 24377463Kuo, Y.C.; Kuo, Y.H.; Lin, Y.L.; Tsai, W.J. Yatein from Chamaecyparis obtusa suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in HeLa cells by interruption the immediate-early gene expression. Antiviral Res., 2006, 70(3), 112-120. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.01.011 PMID: 16540181Lee, J.S.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, Y.S. A new anti-HIV flavonoid glucuronide from Chrysanthemum morifolium. Planta Med., 2003, 69(9), 859-861. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-43207 PMID: 14598216Karamese, M.; Aydogdu, S.; Karamese, S.A.; Altoparlak, U.; Gundogdu, C. Preventive effects of a major component of green tea, epigallocathechin-3-gallate, on hepatitis-B virus DNA replication. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2015, 16(10), 4199-4202. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.10.4199 PMID: 26028072Lam, SK.; Ng, TB. A protein with antiproliferative, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds. Phytomedicine, 2009, 15(5), 444-450.Callies, O.; Bedoya, L.M.; Beltrán, M.; Muñoz, A.; Calderón, P.O.; Osorio, A.A.; Jiménez, I.A.; Alcamí, J.; Bazzocchi, I.L. Isolation, structural modification, and HIV inhibition of pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids from Cassine xylocarpa and Maytenus cuzcoina. J. Nat. Prod., 2015, 78(5), 1045-1055. doi: 10.1021/np501025r PMID: 25927586Xu, H.B.; Ma, Y.B.; Huang, X.Y.; Geng, C.A.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, T.H.; Chen, X.L.; Yang, C.Y.; Zhang, X.M.; Chen, J.J. Bioactivity-guided isolation of anti-hepatitis B virus active sesquiterpenoids from the traditional Chinese medicine: Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2015, 171, 131-140. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.040 PMID: 26051832Rebensburg, S.; Helfer, M.; Schneider, M.; Koppensteiner, H.; Eberle, J.; Schindler, M.; Gürtler, L.; Brack-Werner, R. Potent in vitro antiviral activity of Cistus incanus extract against HIV and Filoviruses targets viral envelope proteins. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6(1), 20394. doi: 10.1038/srep20394 PMID: 26833261Lupini, C.; Cecchinato, M.; Scagliarini, A.; Graziani, R.; Catelli, E. In vitro antiviral activity of chestnut and quebracho woods extracts against avian reovirus and metapneumovirus. Res. Vet. Sci., 2009, 87(3), 482-487. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.04.007 PMID: 19435637Pengsuparp, T.; Serit, M.; Hughes, S.H.; Soejarto, D.D.; Pezzuto, J.M. Specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mediated by soulattrolide, a coumarin isolated from the latex of calophyllum teysmannii. J. Nat. Prod., 1996, 59(9), 839-842. doi: 10.1021/np960399y PMID: 8864237Shen, Y.C.; Wang, L.T.; Khalil, A.T.; Chiang, L.C.; Cheng, P.W. Bioactive pyranoxanthones from the roots of Calophyllum blancoi. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2005, 53(2), 244-247. doi: 10.1248/cpb.53.244 PMID: 15684529Zhuang, M.; Jiang, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Li, X.; Xiao, P.; Tanaka, T.; Ling, H.; Yang, B.; Saitoh, H.; Zhang, L.; Qin, C.; Sugamura, K.; Hattori, T. Procyanidins and butanol extract of Cinnamomi Cortex inhibit SARS-CoV infection. Antiviral Res., 2009, 82(1), 73-81. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.001 PMID: 19428598Semple, S.J.; Pyke, S.M.; Reynolds, G.D.; Flower, R.L.P. In vitro antiviral activity of the anthraquinone chrysophanic acid against poliovirus. Antiviral Res., 2001, 49(3), 169-178. doi: 10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00125-5 PMID: 11428243Vidal, V.; Potterat, O.; Louvel, S.; Hamy, F.; Mojarrab, M.; Sanglier, J.J.; Klimkait, T.; Hamburger, M. Library-based discovery and characterization of daphnane diterpenes as potent and selective HIV inhibitors in Daphne gnidium. J. Nat. Prod., 2012, 75(3), 414-419. doi: 10.1021/np200855d PMID: 22148316Bachmetov, L.; Gal-Tanamy, M.; Shapira, A.; Vorobeychik, M.; Giterman-Galam, T.; Sathiyamoorthy, P.; Golan-Goldhirsh, A.; Benhar, I.; Tur-Kaspa, R.; Zemel, R. Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid quercetin is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity. J. Viral Hepat., 2012, 19(2), e81-e88. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01507.x PMID: 22239530Cheng, H.Y.; Lin, T.C.; Yang, C.M.; Wang, K.C.; Lin, L.T.; Lin, C.C. Putranjivain A from Euphorbia jolkini inhibits both virus entry and late stage replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2004, 53(4), 577-583. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh136 PMID: 14998984Gyuris, A.; Szlávik, L.; Minárovits, J.; Vasas, A.; Molnár, J.; Hohmann, J. Antiviral activities of extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. against HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVmac251. In Vivo, 2009, 23(3), 429-432. PMID: 19454510Karimi, A.; Mohammadi-Kamalabadi, M.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Amjad, L.; Salimzadeh, L. Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae). Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2016, 15(4), 759-764. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v15i4.13Yang, Z.; Liu, N.; Huang, B.; Wang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Zhu, Y. Effect of anti-influenza virus of Arctigenin in vivo Zhong Yao Cai, 2005, 28(11), 1012-1014. PMID: 16514891Tan, G.T.; Pezzuto, J.M.; Kinghorn, A.D.; Hughes, S.H. Evaluation of natural products as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. J. Nat. Prod., 1991, 54(1), 143-154. doi: 10.1021/np50073a012 PMID: 1710653Yarmolinsky, L.; Huleihel, M.; Zaccai, M.; Ben-Shabat, S. Potent antiviral flavone glycosides from Ficus benjamina leaves. Fitoterapia, 2012, 83(2), 362-367. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.11.014 PMID: 22155188Wang, G.; Wang, H.; Song, Y.; Jia, C.; Wang, Z.; Xu, H. Studies on anti-HSV effect of Ficus carica leaves Zhong Yao Cai, 2004, 27(10), 754-756. PMID: 15850358Lazreg Aref, H.; Gaaliche, B.; Fekih, A.; Mars, M.; Aouni, M.; Pierre Chaumon, J.; Said, K. In vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of Ficus carica latex extracts. Nat. Prod. Res., 2011, 25(3), 310-319. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2010.528758 PMID: 21294043Najjari, A.H.; Rajabi, Z.; Marandi, M.V.; Dehghan, G. The effect of the hexanic extracts of fig (Ficus carica) and olive (Olea europaea) fruit and nanoparticles of selenium on the immunogenicity of the inactivated avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Vet. Res. Forum, 2015, 6(3), 227-231.Ashraf, A.; Ashraf, M.M.; Rafiqe, A.; Aslam, B.; Galani, S.; Zafar, S.; Asad, F.; Asghar, R.D.; Akram, S.; Ahmed, H.; Shah, S.M.A.; Asif, R. In vivo antiviral potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract against Newcastle disease virus. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 30(Suppl. 2), 567-572. PMID: 28650322Lin, J.C. Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizic acid in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res., 2003, 59(1), 41-47. doi: 10.1016/S0166-3542(03)00030-5 PMID: 12834859Pu, J.Y.; He, L.; Wu, S.Y.; Zhang, P.; Huang, X. Anti-virus research of triterpenoids in licorice Chin. J. Virol., 2013, 29(6), 673-679. PMID: 24520776Liu, J.; Yang, F.; Ye, L.B.; Yang, X.J.; Timani, K.A.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, Y.H. Possible mode of action of antiherpetic activities of a proteoglycan isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 95(2-3), 265-272. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.07.010 PMID: 15507347Alfajaro, M.M.; Kim, H.J.; Park, J.G.; Ryu, E.H.; Kim, J.Y.; Jeong, Y.J.; Kim, D.S.; Hosmillo, M.; Son, K.Y.; Lee, J.H.; Kwon, H.J.; Ryu, Y.B.; Park, S.J.; Park, S.I.; Lee, W.S.; Cho, K.O. Anti-rotaviral effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract in piglets with rotavirus diarrhea. Virol. J., 2012, 9(1), 310. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-310 PMID: 23244491Al-Snafi, A.E. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium hirsutum-A. IOSR J. Pharm., 2018, 8, 64-80.Lau, K.M.; Lee, K.M.; Koon, C.M.; Cheung, C.S.F.; Lau, C.P.; Ho, H.M.; Lee, M.Y.H.; Au, S.W.N.; Cheng, C.H.K.; Lau, C.B.S.; Tsui, S.K.W.; Wan, D.C.C.; Waye, M.M.Y.; Wong, K.B.; Wong, C.K.; Lam, C.W.K.; Leung, P.C.; Fung, K.P. Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2008, 118(1), 79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.018 PMID: 18479853Ding, Y.; Cao, Z.; Cao, L.; Ding, G.; Wang, Z.; Xiao, W. Antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), 45723. doi: 10.1038/srep45723 PMID: 28393840Huang, T.J.; Tsai, Y.C.; Chiang, S.Y.; Wang, G.J.; Kuo, Y.C.; Chang, Y.C.; Wu, Y.Y.; Wu, Y.C. Anti-viral effect of a compound isolated from Liriope platyphylla against hepatitis B virus in vitro. Virus Res., 2014, 192, 16-24. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.015 PMID: 25150190Li, S.; Chen, C.; Zhang, H.; Guo, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, L.; Zhang, X.; Hua, S.; Yu, J.; Xiao, P.; Li, R.S.; Tan, X. Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus. Antiviral Res., 2005, 67(1), 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007 PMID: 15885816Zhu, Q.C.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.P.; Zhang, R.Q.; Li, X.; Su, W.H.; Long, F.; Luo, X.D.; Peng, T. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by chrysosplenetin and penduletin. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 44(3), 392-398. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.030 PMID: 21914477Kuo, Y.C.; Lin, L.C.; Tsai, W.J.; Chou, C.J.; Kung, S.H.; Ho, Y.H. Samarangenin B from Limonium sinense suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in Vero cells by regulation of viral macromolecular synthesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2002, 46(9), 2854-2864. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.9.2854-2864.2002 PMID: 12183238Szlávik, L.; Gyuris, Á.; Minárovits, J.; Forgo, P.; Molnár, J.; Hohmann, J. Alkaloids from Leucojum vernum and antiretroviral activity of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Planta Med., 2004, 70(9), 871-873. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-827239 PMID: 15386196Yarmolinsky, L.; Zaccai, M.; Ben-Shabat, S.; Mills, D.; Huleihel, M. Antiviral activity of ethanol extracts of Ficus binjamina and Lilium candidum in vitro. N. Biotechnol., 2009, 26(6), 307-313. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.08.005 PMID: 19703599Garozzo, A.; Timpanaro, R.; Stivala, A.; Bisignano, G.; Castro, A. Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Influenza virus A/PR/8: Study on the mechanism of action. Antiviral Res., 2011, 89(1), 83-88. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.010 PMID: 21095205Bag, P.; Chattopadhyay, D.; Mukherjee, H.; Ojha, D.; Mandal, N.; Sarkar, M.C.; Chatterjee, T.; Das, G.; Chakraborti, S. Anti-herpes virus activities of bioactive fraction and isolated pure constituent of Mallotus peltatus: An ethnomedicine from Andaman Islands. Virol. J., 2012, 9(1), 98. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-98 PMID: 22624581Fang, C.Y.; Chen, S.J.; Wu, H.N.; Ping, Y.H.; Lin, C.Y.; Shiuan, D.; Chen, C.L.; Lee, Y.R.; Huang, K.J. Honokiol, a lignan biphenol derived from the magnolia tree, inhibits dengue virus type 2 infection. Viruses, 2015, 7(9), 4894-4910. doi: 10.3390/v7092852 PMID: 26378567Astani, A.; Reichling, J.; Schnitzler, P. Melissa officinalis extract inhibits attachment of herpes simplex virus in vitro. Chemotherapy, 2012, 58(1), 70-77. doi: 10.1159/000335590 PMID: 22377592Parsania, M.; Rezaee, M.B.; Monavari, S.H.; Jaimand, K.; Mousavi-Jazayeri, S.M.; Razazian, M.; Nadjarha, M.H. Antiviral screening of four plant extracts against acyclovir resistant herpes simplex virus type-1. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 30(Suppl. 4), 1407-1411. PMID: 29043989Thabti, I.; Albert, Q.; Philippot, S.; Dupire, F.; Westerhuis, B.; Fontanay, S.; Risler, A.; Kassab, T.; Elfalleh, W.; Aferchichi, A.; Varbanov, M. Advances on antiviral activity of Morus spp. plant extracts: Human coronavirus and virus-related respiratory tract infections in the spotlight. Molecules, 2020, 25(8), 1876. doi: 10.3390/molecules25081876 PMID: 32325742Ojha, D.; Das, R.; Sobia, P.; Dwivedi, V.; Ghosh, S.; Samanta, A.; Chattopadhyay, D. Pedilanthus tithymaloides inhibits HSV infection by modulating NF-κB signaling. PLoS One, 2015, 10(9), e0139338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139338 PMID: 26405764Wei, W.; Li, X.; Wang, K.; Zheng, Z.; Zhou, M. Lignans with anti-hepatitis B virus activities from Phyllanthus niruri L. Phytother. Res., 2012, 26(7), 964-968. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3663 PMID: 22131154Kang, E.H.; Kown, T.Y.; Oh, G.T.; Park, W.F.; Park, S.I.; Park, S.K.; Lee, Y.I. The flavonoid ellagic acid from a medicinal herb inhibits host immune tolerance induced by the hepatitis B virus-e antigen. Antiviral Res., 2006, 72(2), 100-106. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.006 PMID: 16720052Jiang, Z.Y.; Liu, W.F.; Zhang, X.M.; Luo, J.; Ma, Y.B.; Chen, J.J. Anti-HBV active constituents from Piper longum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2013, 23(7), 2123-2127. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.118 PMID: 23434420Semple, S.J.; Nobbs, S.F.; Pyke, S.M.; Reynolds, G.D.; Flower, R.L.P. Antiviral flavonoid from Pterocaulon sphacelatum, an Australian Aboriginal medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1999, 68(1-3), 283-288. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00050-1 PMID: 10624889Lv, J.J.; Yu, S.; Wang, Y.F.; Wang, D.; Zhu, H.T.; Cheng, R.R.; Yang, C.R.; Xu, M.; Zhang, Y.J. Anti-hepatitis B virus norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids from Phyllanthus acidus and the establishment of their absolute configurations using theoretical calculations. J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79(12), 5432-5447. doi: 10.1021/jo5004604 PMID: 24824117Lv, J.J.; Yu, S.; Xin, Y.; Cheng, R.R.; Zhu, H.T.; Wang, D.; Yang, C.R.; Xu, M.; Zhang, Y.J. Anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations. Phytochemistry, 2015, 117, 123-134. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.001 PMID: 26074492Karimi, A.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Moradi, M.T.; Alidadi, S. Anti–herpes simplex virus Type-1 activity and phenolic content of crude ethanol extract and four corresponding fractions of quercus brantii L Acorn. J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2017, 22(3), 455-461. doi: 10.1177/2156587216676421 PMID: 27899436Oh, C.; Price, J.; Brindley, M.A.; Widrlechner, M.P.; Qu, L.; McCoy, J.A.; Murphy, P.; Hauck, C.; Maury, W. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by aqueous extracts of Prunella vulgaris L. Virol. J., 2011, 8(1), 188. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-188 PMID: 21513560Shin, H.B.; Choi, M.S.; Ryu, B.; Lee, N.R.; Kim, H.I.; Choi, H.E.; Chang, J.; Lee, K.T.; Jang, D.S.; Inn, K.S. Antiviral activity of carnosic acid against respiratory syncytial virus. Virol. J., 2013, 10(1), 303. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-303 PMID: 24103432Wahyuni, T.S.; Widyawaruyanti, A.; Lusida, M.I.; Fuad, A. Soetjipto; Fuchino, H.; Kawahara, N.; Hayashi, Y.; Aoki, C.; Hotta, H. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by chalepin and pseudane IX isolated from Ruta angustifolia leaves. Fitoterapia, 2014, 99, 276-283. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.10.011 PMID: 25454460Esposito, F.; Carli, I.; Del Vecchio, C.; Xu, L.; Corona, A.; Grandi, N.; Piano, D.; Maccioni, E.; Distinto, S.; Parolin, C.; Tramontano, E. Sennoside A, derived from the traditional chinese medicine plant Rheum L., is a new dual HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication. Phytomedicine, 2016, 23(12), 1383-1391. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.08.001 PMID: 27765358Lee, J.H.; Oh, M.; Seok, J.; Kim, S.; Lee, D.; Bae, G.; Bae, H.I.; Bae, S.; Hong, Y.M.; Kwon, S.O.; Lee, D.H.; Song, C.S.; Mun, J.; Chung, M.; Kim, K. Antiviral effects of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) seed and its gallic acid against influenza virus infection. Viruses, 2016, 8(6), 157. doi: 10.3390/v8060157 PMID: 27275830Luo, W.; Su, X.; Gong, S.; Qin, Y.; Liu, W.; Li, J.; Yu, H.; Xu, Q. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Rheum palmatum L. extracts. Biosci. Trends, 2009, 3(4), 124-126. PMID: 20103835Zuo, G.; Li, Z.; Chen, L.; Xu, X. Activity of compounds from Chinese herbal medicine Rhodiola kirilowii (Regel) Maxim against HCV NS3 serine protease. Antiviral Res., 2007, 76(1), 86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.06.001 PMID: 17624450Li, T.; Peng, T. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine as a source of molecules with antiviral activity. Antiviral Res., 2013, 97(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.006 PMID: 23153834Behbahani, M.; Sayedipour, S.; Pourazar, A.; Shanehsazzadeh, M. In vitro anti-HIV-1 activities of kaempferol and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside isolated from Securigera securidaca. Res. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 9(6), 463-469. PMID: 26339261Romero-Pérez, G.A.; Egashira, M.; Harada, Y.; Tsuruta, T.; Oda, Y.; Ueda, F.; Tsukahara, T.; Tsukamoto, Y.; Inoue, R. Orally administered Salacia reticulata extract reduces H1N1 influenza clinical symptoms in murine lung tissues putatively due to enhanced natural killer cell activity. Front. Immunol., 2016, 7, 115. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00115 PMID: 27066007Ben-Shabat, S.; Yarmolinsky, L.; Porat, D.; Dahan, A. Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res., 2020, 10(2), 354-367. doi: 10.1007/s13346-019-00691-6 PMID: 31788762Yu, M.S.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.M.; Kim, Y.; Chin, Y.W.; Jee, J.G.; Keum, Y.S.; Jeong, Y.J. Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22(12), 4049-4054. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.081 PMID: 22578462Tsai, Y.C.; Lee, C.L.; Yen, H.R.; Chang, Y.S.; Lin, Y.P.; Huang, S.H.; Lin, C.W. Antiviral action of tryptanthrin isolated from Strobilanthes cusia leaf against human coronavirus NL63. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(3), 366. doi: 10.3390/biom10030366 PMID: 32120929Weng, J.R.; Lin, C.S.; Lai, H.C.; Lin, Y.P.; Wang, C.Y.; Tsai, Y.C.; Wu, K.C.; Huang, S.H.; Lin, C.W. Antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai ethanol extract and related phenolic acid constituents against human coronavirus NL63. Virus Res., 2019, 273, 197767. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197767 PMID: 31560964Ryu, Y.B.; Jeong, H.J.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, Y.M.; Park, J.Y.; Kim, D.; Naguyen, T.T.H.; Park, S.J.; Chang, J.S.; Park, K.H.; Rho, M.C.; Lee, W.S. Biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibition. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2010, 18(22), 7940-7947. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.035 PMID: 20934345Takeshita, M.; Ishida, Y.; Akamatsu, E.; Ohmori, Y.; Sudoh, M.; Uto, H.; Tsubouchi, H.; Kataoka, H. Proanthocyanidin from blueberry leaves suppresses expression of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNA. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284(32), 21165-21176. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.004945 PMID: 19531480Zhang, H.J.; Tan, G.T.; Hoang, V.D.; Hung, N.V.; Cuong, N.M.; Soejarto, D.D.; Pezzuto, J.M.; Fong, H.H.S. Natural anti-HIV agents. Part IV. Anti-HIV constituents from Vatica cinerea. J. Nat. Prod., 2003, 66(2), 263-268. doi: 10.1021/np020379y PMID: 12608862Khandelwal, V.; Choudhary, P.K. Immunomodulating potential of neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bark extract. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 2020, 14(1), 641-646. doi: 10.22207/JPAM.14.1.66Gurjar, M.K.; Jat, B.L.; Choudhary, P.; Kumar, V. Bioefficacy of newer insecticides and botanicals against red pumpkin beetle Raphidopalpa foveicollis (Lucas) on bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina). Stand. J. Entomol. Res., 2022, 46(3), 570-575. doi: 10.5958/0974-4576.2022.00099.8Gurjar, M.K.; Jat, B.L.; Choudhary, P.; Nayak, R.K. Screening of bottle gourd genotypes/varieties for resistance against red pumpkin beetle Raphidopalpa foveicollis (Lucas) in semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Indian J. Ecol., 2022, 49(5), 1773-1781.Goel, A.; Bhatia, AK. Ocimum sanctum: In vitro antiviral potential against animal viruses. IJTK, 2022, 21(1), 120-125.